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Formation Damage
Filtrate
& solids
invasion
impaired formation K
necessity!
RDF (STARDRILL) Filter Cake
Formation Damage
1. Drilling Mud Solids 3. Oil Based Muds
• Poor Mud Cake • High Solids Oil
• Overbalance • Cationic Emulsifiers
• Invasion/Relative
• Particle Size vs. Pore
Permeability
Size/Fissures Filtration
– 3”
2. Drilling Mud Filtrate
• Formation Sensitivity
(pH, salinity, scale)
• High Penetration
Capillarity
• Fines Dispersion
• Additive Residues
• Cooling
7 KTC-WPS Formation Damage
Cementing
Washes & spacers
• Destroy mud cake
• Dispersants
• Filtrate invasion inches
Cement slurries
• High pH
• Precipitation CaCO3
• Free H2O water block
Squeeze
• Formation breakdown
8 KTC-WPS Formation Damage
Completion/Workover Fluids
Suspended Solids Fluids
• Polymer Residue • oxidized crude
• refined diesel
Fluid Loss Control
• Formation Sensitivity Excess pipe dope
• Clays
• Wettability
• Scales
Debris
Radial Distance (mm)
Compacted
Zone
Fluid solids
Balance
Salinity shock
13 KTC-WPS Formation Damage
Sedimentary Rock
Classification Clastic Rock -
Formed From Debris (weathering and erosion) of Older Rock
Rock Type Particular Diameter
Conglomerate Pebbles - 2 to 64 mm
Sandstone Sand - 0.06 to 2 mm
Siltstone Silt - 0.003 to 0.06 mm
Shale Clay - Less than 0.003 mm
Quartz
Kaolinite
Swelling Clays: Smectite
15000
x
magnifi
cation
Transportation
Produced water carries
minerals through formation
wellbore and tubing
Deposition
Changes in water causes
supersaturation and precipitation.
Scale adheres and grows
Transient Stability
Ba2+ SO42
Imperfect Crystallites
Further growth at sites of
crystal imperfections
Cations Anions
Na+ Cl-
K+ HCO3-
Ca+ CO32-
Mg2+ SO42-
Barium2+
Strontium2+
Fe2+, Fe3+
28 KTC-WPS Formation Damage
Solubility of Various Minerals
inorganic scales:
mixing, T, P
Contaminated acid
Equipment corrosion
Iron scales
Formation minerals
Precipitation mechanism
• Aeration (oxidation)
• pH, pressure or temperature change
• Corrosion products
36 KTC-WPS Formation Damage
Contaminated Acid
Millscale Fe3O4
Pipe 10,000 Ft, 2 7/8 in, 6.5 lb/ft
Scale 0.073 lb/ft
15% HCl 69 gal/1000 ft to clean scale
2+
Fe 29,000 ppm
3+
Fe 57,000 ppm
Sulfur
H2S + 2Fe+3 S + 2Fe+2 + 2H+
Paraffin crystals
can deposit onto
surfaces
• Diffusion
49 KTC-WPS Formation Damage
• Collisions
Paraffin Related Production Loss
Temperature
Amount of gas in
solution
Presence of water,
sand and other
organic compounds
Action of resins and
asphaltenes
Surface roughness
• Hard coal-
like
deposits
• Sludges
and rigid
film
emulsions
51 KTC-WPS Formation Damage
Factors Governing Asphaltene
Deposition
Solubility and
deposition
Iron contamination
pH effects
Pressure
Injection of cold
fluids or hot oiling
acid
Treatment: Mutual
Solvents, Clean
Sweep, demulsifiers
(surfactants)
Water Wet
Sw increase
Oil Wet
Favored by pore- K
ro
lining clay K
ro K
rw
K
rw
minerals (Illite)
Treatment:
reduction of
interfacial tension
• surfactants 0
• mutual solvent S
w
p > pb
p < pb
Fines Migration/Bridging
High
Precipitations Scale, Paraffins…
Drawdown
Turbulence
64 KTC-WPS
0
20
40
60
80
100
High Drawdown
( p/l = 50 )
Low Drawdown
Berea Sandstone
( p/l = 2-5-10-20-50 )
Formation Damage
High Drawdown
Effect of Drawdown on PI
( p/l = 40 )
Oil Well Cores
Low Drawdown
( p/l = 2-5-10-20-40 )
(Miocene, Pliocene)
Injection
“dirty” incompatible
water water