Sinusoidal steady state Analysis: Characteristics of

sinusoids, forced response to sinusoidal functions,

the complete forcing function, the phasor, phasor
relationships for R, L and C, impedance, admittance,
phasor diagrams.
 9.2 Sinusoids (3)

Example 1

Given a sinusoid, 5 sin( 4pt  60 o ), calculate its

amplitude, phase, angular frequency, period, and
frequency.

Solution:

Amplitude = 5, phase = –60o, angular frequency

= 4p rad/s, Period = 0.5 s, frequency = 2 Hz.

10
 9.2 Sinusoids (4)

Example 2

Find the phase angle between i1  4 sin( 377t  25o )

and i2  5 cos(377t  40 o ) , does i1 lead or lag i2?

Solution:

Since sin(ωt+90o) = cos ωt

i2  5 sin( 377t  40o  90o )  5 sin( 377t  50o )
i1  4 sin( 377t  25o )  4 sin( 377t  180o  25o )  4 sin( 377t  205o )

therefore, i1 leads i2 155o. 11

Phasor Relationship for R, L, and C Elements

Time domain

v  Ri
Resistor
Frequency domain

V
V  RI or I 
R

Voltage and current are in phase

 Inductor

Time domain Frequency domain

di V
vL V  j LI or I 
dt j L
Voltage leads current by
90
 Capacitor

Time domain Frequency domain

dv I
iC I  jCV or V 
dt jC
Voltage lags current by
90
 Impedance and Admittance

Impedance is defined as the ratio of the phasor voltage

to the phasor current.

V
Z Ohm’s law in phasor notation

I
Vm Vm
phase
    
    
I m I m
magnitude Z
or
Z  Z   Ze j
 R  jX
polar exponential rectangular
Graphical representation of impedance

Z  Z 
Z  R X
2 2

1 X
  tan
R
R
Resistor
ZR
Z  j L
L
Inductor

1
Capacitor Z 1/C
jC
Admittance is defined as the reciprocal of impedance.

1 1
Y   Y  
Z Z 
conductance
In rectangular form

1 1 R  jX
Y   2  G  jB
Z R  jX R  X 2
susceptance
G
1
Resistor
YG
R
1/L
1
Inductor
Y
j L
C
Capacitor Y  j C
 Kirchhoff’s Law using Phasors

KVL V1  V2  V3   Vn  0

KCL I1  I2  I3   In  0

Both Kirchhoff’s Laws hold in the frequency domain.

and so all the techniques developed for resistive circuits hold

Superposition
Thevenin &Norton Equivalent Circuits
Source Transformation
Node & Mesh Analysis
etc.
 Impedances in series
Zeq  Z1  Z2  Z3   Zn

Admittances in parallel

Yeq  Y1  Y2  Y3   Yn