DIABETES

MELLITUS
COMPILED BY GROUP 4 :

1. ZAENAL ARIFIN
2. IKE WIDIYANINGSIH
3. TEJA NAWAWI
KAMIL
4. CHOIRUL S I P
5. SUMIATI
6. M YUSUF ZULFIKAR
 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Diabetes mellitus, disorder of carbohydrate metabolism
characterized by impaired ability of the body to produce or
respond to insulin and thereby maintain proper levels of sugar (
glucose) in the blood.
Diabetes is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, though
these outcomes are not due to the immediate effects of the
disorder. They are instead related to the diseases that develop as
a result of chronic diabetes mellitus. These include diseases of
large blood vessels (macrovascular disease, including
coronary heart disease and peripheral arterial disease) and
small blood vessels (microvascular disease, including retinal
and renal vascular disease), as well as diseases of the nerves.
DEFINITIONS AND SYMPTOMS

2.1 Definition 
Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes,
is a group of metabolic disorders in which there are 
high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.

2.2 Symptoms
The classic symptoms of untreated diabetes are :
1.Weight loss 
2.Polyuria (increased urination) 
3.Polydipsia (increased thirst)
4.Polyphagia (increased hunger). 

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 Symptoms....
Several other signs and symptoms can
mark the onset of diabetes although
they are not specific to the disease.
In addition to the known ones above,
they include :
1.Blurry vision
2.Headache 
3.Fatigue
4.Slow healing of cuts
5.Itchy skin.

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 ASPECTS THAT CAN CAUSES
DIABETES MELLITUS
1. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ( IDDM )

Type 1 diabetes is usually caused by autoimmune destruction of the

islets of Langerhans of the pancreas

2. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ( NIDDM )

Type 2 diabetes is strongly associated with obesity and is a result of

insulin resistance and insulin deficiency
3. Gestational diabetes
Blood glucose levels increase during pregnancy but usually return to
normal after delivery

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 THE MEDICAL TREATMENTS
1. Diet and Exercise

All diabetes patients are put on diets designed to help them

reach and maintain normal body weight
2. Insulin therapies

Diabetics who are unable to produce or lack of insulin in

their bodies require insulin therapy
3. Drugs used to control blood glucose levels

There are several classes of oral drugs used to control blood

glucose levels, including sulfonylureas, biguanides,
thiazolidinediones, Pramlintide and Exenatide.

4. Glucometer monitoring
All patients with diabetes mellitus, particularly those taking
insulin, should measure blood glucose concentrations periodically
at home, especially when they have symptoms of hypoglycemia
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 PREVENTIONS
Diabetes Melllitus can often be prevented or delayed by :
1.Maintaining a normal body weight
2.Engaging in physical activity and
3.consuming a healthful diet.

The main modifiable risk factors :

Excess weight
Unhealthy diet
Physical inactivity and
Tobacco use

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 CONCLUSION

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease, for which there is no

known cure except in very specific situations. Management
concentrates on keeping blood sugar levels as close to normal,
without causing low blood sugar. This can usually be
accomplished with a healthy diet, exercise, weight loss, and
use of appropriate medications (insulin in the case of type 1
diabetes; oral medications, as well as possibly insulin, in type 2
diabetes).

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 REFERENCES

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus#Signs_and_symptoms

https://www.britannica.com/science/diabetes-mellitus#toc285766