Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Chapter One
Introduction
Outline
Introduction
Concept of communication
Communication Model
Protocols and Architecture
Protocols
OSI layer
TCP/IP
Data Communication and
Computer Networking
What is data communication?
Data communications deals with the
transmission of signals in a reliable and efficient
manner.
communicated.
message.
message.
Cont..
communications
Types of data communication
(Data Flow)
1. Simplex
Unidirectional, as on a one-way street
Only one of the two devices on a link can transmit;
the other can only receive
Example:
Keyboards and traditional monitors
Cont.….
2. Half-Duplex
Each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the same time.
When one device is sending, the other can only receive, and vice versa
Example:
Walkie-talkies and CB (citizens band) radios
Cont.…
3. Full-Duplex
- Both stations can transmit and receive simultaneously.
- sharing can occur in two ways:
a. the link must contain two physically separated paths, one
for sending and the other for receiving;
b. the capacity of the channel is divided between signals traveling in both
directions.
Example:
Telephone line
Transmission Media
Overview
Guided - wire
Unguided - wireless
Characteristics and quality determined by
medium and signal
For guided, the medium is more important
For unguided, the bandwidth produced by
the antenna is more important
Key concerns are data rate and distance
Design Factors
Bandwidth
Higher bandwidth gives higher data rate
Transmission impairments
Attenuation
Interference
Number of receivers
In guided media more receivers (multi-point)
introduce more attenuation
Guided Transmission Media
Twisted Pair
Coaxial cable
Optical fiber
Twisted Pair
Cont.…..
Twisted Pair - Applications
Pros
Cheap
Easy to work with
Cons
Low data rate
Short range
Coaxial Cable
Coaxial Cable Applications
Most versatile medium
Television distribution
Cable TV
Long distance telephone transmission
Can carry 10,000 voice calls simultaneously
Being replaced by fiber optic
Short distance computer systems links
Local area networks
Optical Fiber
Optical Fiber - Benefits
Greater capacity
Data rates of hundreds of Gbps
Smaller size & weight
Lower attenuation
Electromagnetic isolation
Greater repeater spacing
Optical Fiber - Applications
Long-haul trunks
Metropolitan trunks
Rural exchange trunks
Subscriber loops
LANs
Transmission Characteristics
of Guided Media
Types of Networks Based On
geographical coverage
simpler parts.
The process of breaking up the functions or
Where is it on my computer?
Workstation or Server
Service in MS Windows
Application Layer
Purpose
User application to network service interface
Examples
File request from server
E-mail services
etc.
Application Layer Function
Purpose
Formats data for exchange between points of
communication
Ex: Between nodes in a network
Example:
Redirector software
Formats for transmission to the server
Presentation Layer Function
Protocol conversion
Data translation
Encryption
Character set conversion
Expansion of graphics command
Session Layer
Where is it on my computer?
Workstation and Server
Service (MS)
Windows Client for
NetWare (NetWare)
Session Layer
Purpose
Oversee a communication session
Establish
Maintain
Terminate
Session Layer Function
Purpose
Repackage proper and efficient delivery of
packages
Error free
In sequence
Without duplication
Transport Layer Function
For sending data
Repackage the message to fit into packets
Split long messages
Assemble small messages
On receiving data
Perform the reverse
Send an acknowledgment to the sender
Solve packet problems
During transmission and reception
Transport layer
Provides network-wide
addressing and a mechanism
to move packets between
networks (routing)
Responsibilities:
– Network addressing
– Routing
Example:
– IP from TCP/IP
Network Layer
Purpose
Addressing and routing the packets
Example application at the router
If the packet size is large, splits into small
packets
Network Layer Function
Address messages
Address translation from logical to physical
Ex: nganesa ----------> 102.13.345.25
Routing of data
Based on priority
Best path at the time of transmission
Congestion control
Network layer
Network-wide addresses
Used to transfer data across subnets
Used by routers for packet forwarding
Example:
IP Address
Where is it on my computer?
TCP/IP Software
Data Link Layer
Purpose
Manages the flow of data over the physical
media
Responsible for error-free transmission over
the physical media
Assures error-free data submission to the
Network Layer
Data Link Layer Function
Point of origin
Packages data for transmission over physical line
Receiving end
Packages data for submission to the network layer
Deals with network transmission protocols
IEEE 802. protocols
Data link layer
Purpose
Deals with the transmission of 0s and 1s over the
physical media
Translation of bits into signals
Example
Pulse duration determination
Transmission synchronization
etc.
Physical Layer Function
7.) Application
6.) Presentation
5.) Session
4.) Transport
3.) Network
2.) Data Link
1.) Physical
Protocols at each layer
Protocols at the application
layer
HTTP:
browser and web server communication
FTP :
file transfer protocol
IP
Path selection ,
routing and addressing
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol )
sends error messages relying on IP
a requested service is not available
a host or router could not be reached
Protocols at the Datalink layer
Ethernet
Uses CSMA/CD (Carrier sense Multiple access
with collision detection)
Token Ring
Ethernet Cabling
Straight Through
All order of the wirings is the same as the other
side.
1→8
Crossover
We need to change the order of the transmission and
receiving wirings.
1 2345 678 1 2345 678 1→8
Rolled Cable
RJ45 connector
How to Wire
Making connections – Steps
1. Strip cable end
2. Untwist wire ends
3. Arrange wires
4. Trim wires to size
5. Attach connector
6. Check
7. Crimp
8. Test
How to Wire
Step 7 – Crimp
Crimp the RJ45 plug with the crimping tool
How to Wire
Step 8 – Test
Does the cable work?
What type of cable is used?
What type of cable is used for
each connection?
Thanks
End