CLIMATE

WHAT IS CLIMATE??

 Climate is defined as an area's long-term weather

patterns. The simplest way to describe climate is to
look at average temperature and precipitation over
time. Other useful elements for describing climate
include the type and the timing of precipitation,
amount of sunshine, average wind speeds and
directions, number of days above freezing, weather
extremes, and local geography.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLIMATE AND
WEATHER ….
 Weather is basically the way the atmosphere is behaving, mainly with respect
to its effects upon life and human activities. The difference between weather
and climate is that weather consists of the short-term (minutes to months)
changes in the atmosphere.In most places, weather can change from minute-
to-minute, hour-to-hour, day-to-day, and season-to-season.
 Climate, however, is the average of weather over time and space.Climate is
the description of the long-term pattern of weather in a particular area.
Some scientists define climate as the average weather for a particular region
and time period, usually taken over 30-years. It's really an average pattern of
weather for a particular region.
TYPES OF CLIMATE …

 Hot and dry climate

 Warm an humid climate
 Composite climate
 Moderate climate
 Cold climate
COLD CLIMATE…

A climate characterized by COLD

TEMPERATURE for a majority of the time
during the year.
COLD CLIMATE IS OF TWO TYPES …

 Cold and sunny

 Cold and cloudy
COLD AND SUNNY CLIMATE ..
The cold and sunny type of climate is experienced in Leh (Ladakh). The region is mountainous,
has little vegetation, and is considered to be a cold desert.

The solar radiation is generally intense with a very low percentage of diffuse radiation. In
summer, the temperature reaches 17 – 24 o C during the day and 4 – 11 o C at night. In winter,
the values range from -7 to 8 o C during the day and -14 to 0 o C at night. Winters thus, are
extremely cold. The relative humidity is consistently low ranging from about 10 – 50 % and
precipitation is generally less than 200 mm per year. Winds are occasionally intense. The sky is
fairly clear throughout the year with a cloud cover of less than 50%.

As this region experiences cold desert climatic conditions, the design criteria are to resist heat
loss by insulation and controlling infiltration. Simultaneously, heat gain needs to be promoted by
admitting and trapping solar radiation within the living space.
CHARECTERISTICS OF COLD AND SUNNY
CLIMATE…

 Mean Monthly Temp. (°C) --- <25

 Mean Monthly R.H. (%) --- <55
 Mean Monthly Precipitation --- <5
 No. of clear days in a month --- >20
 Places --- Ladakh,Leh
CLIMATE OF LADAKH …

 Leh in Ladakh is a "mountain desert." There is very little precipitation and

the temperatures vary greatly between the day and night and also from
summer to winter.
 The traditional Ladhaki settlement is usually built on steep slopes facing
southward. This allows good insolation during the day.
 Heavy walls (mud) and a well insulated roof (timber & mud) dampen the
variations of indoor temperatures.
 The use of glass and nowadays, trombe- wall is very successful as heat
can be stored in the building mass during the day, to stay warm indoors
at night.
TYPICAL ARCHITECTURE STYLE OF HOUSE IN
LEH…
OTHER CHARECTERISTICS OF THE BUILDING ….

 One makes the wall for the first floor ,piling up stone
and sun dried brick and then places wooden beams and
floor joists across the walls to support the second floor
walls above them.
 Floors and roofs are made of made of mud treaded on
wooden boards .
 Roofs are basically flat ,being unnecessary to
waterproof, since it scarcely ever rains.
 Columns are needed midway across large spans .
 COLD AND CLOUDY …
 Generally, the northern part of India experiences this type of climate. Most cold and cloudy
regions are situated at high altitudes. Ootacamund, Shimla, Shillong, Srinagar and
Mahabaleshwar are examples of places belonging to this climatic zone. These are generally
highland regions having abundant vegetation in summer.

The intensity of solar radiation is low in winter with a high percentage of diffuse radiation.
Hence, winters are extremely cold. In summer, the maximum ambient temperatures is in
the range of 20 – 30 o C during the day and 17 – 27 o C at night, making summers quite
pleasant. In winter, the values range between 4 and 8 o C during the day and -3 to 4 o C at
night, making it quite chilly.
 Conditions in summer are usually clear and pleasant, but owing to cold winters, the main
criteria for design in the cold and cloudy region aim at resisting heat loss by insulation and
infiltration, and promoting heat gain by directly admitting and trapping solar radiation
within the living space.
CHARECTERISTICS OF COLD AND CLOUDY
CLIMATE …

 Mean Monthly Temp. (°C) --- <25

 Mean Monthly R.H. (%) --- >55
 Mean Monthly Precipitation --- >5
 No. of clear days in a month --- <20
 Places --- J&K, Himachal, NW UP, Niligiri
 ARCHITECTURE OF HIMACHAL…

 The architecture of Himachal Pradesh is

unique in character and is quite different from
that of the rest of India.
 Hindu religious architectures predominates
this state. The indigenous form of
architecture of Himachal Pradesh is known as
the 'Kathkuni' style of architecture and
specimens of which are prevalent in the
districts of Shimla, Kinnaur ETC.
 The land of himachal Pradesh rises from the
plains at an altitude from 350m mean sea
level on the southwest to an altitude of 6816m
in the ast towards the Tibetan plateau .
 Materialsused for construction are mainly wood and
stone.amont variety of trees deodar and kail are best for
construction.
KATHAKUNI …..
It shows a typical house ,with guashala at the bottom , a living area on the top
capped off by a pent-and-gabble roof .A temple features same components but
n different proportions …
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF A
KATHIKUNI HOUSE ………..
1. FOUNDATION AND PLINTH – stone plinth is filled upto a meer from the
ground level .The depth of the tench is relative to the height of the structure.
For a two storey house,the depth is 0.6 to 1.
2.WALL COURSES- This type of wall construction involves laying two wooden
wall beams longitutionally parallel t each other with a gap in between. The
space between two member is filled with rubble stone and edge is secured
with wooden nail .
3.PROJECTING WOODEN BALCONY- The wooden member supporting
the balconies rest on the wall.
4.ROOF – The roof structure is constructucted out of wooden beams followed
by purlins and rafters.The slate stone also weighs down the structure against
strong winds.
THANKYOU ….