Motivation

Ms. Flahat Maqbool

 Objective
• By the end of this lecture students will learn
about:
• What is motivation?
• Various theories of motivation
• Hunger and achievement motivation
• conflict
• Motivation is derived from the Latin word
movere, “to move.”
• “Motivation is a process which begins with a
physiological or psychological need or
deficiency which triggers behavior or a drive
that is aimed at a goal or an incentive”.
SOME DEFINITION OF TERMS USED
 Motivation Concepts and Theories

• Motivation—factors within and outside

an organism that cause it to behave a
certain way at a certain time
• Drive—an internal condition or impulse
that activates behavior to reduce a need
and restore homeostasis
• Incentive—external goal that “pulls” or “pushes”
behavior
 Motivational process
Unsatisfied need

Tension

Drives

Search behaviour

Goal achievement

Need satisfaction

Reduction of tension
 Theories of Motivation
• Instinct—motives are innate
• Drive—biological needs as motivation
• Incentive—extrinsic things push or pull
behavior
• Arousal—people are motivated to maintain
optimum level of arousal
• Humanistic—hierarchy of needs
 Drives as Tissue Needs
• Homeostasis—the constancy of internal conditions that the
body must actively maintain
• Drives may be due to an upset in homeostasis, inducing
behavior to correct the imbalance
• Animals do behave in accordance with their
tissue needs (e.g., increasing or decreasing
caloric intake, drive for salt)
• However, homeostasis cannot explain all drives
TYPES OF MOTIVES
 Primary Motives
• Hunger
• Thirst
• Clothing
• Sleep
• Maternal concern
 General Motives
• Motives which can not be termed primary or
secondary
• Primary needs try to reduce the tension or
stimulation whereas the general need induces
the individual to enhance the amount of
stimulation.
• Also called stimulus motives-Love ,concern
and affection.
 Secondary Motives
• Learned drives become secondary
motives
• Includes
Curiosity
Manipulation
 Motivation
• Instinct Theory: we
are motivated by our
inborn automated
behaviors.
• But instincts only
explain why we do a
small fraction of our
behaviors.
Drive Reduction Theory
• Our behavior is
motivated by
BIOLOGICAL NEEDS.
• Wants to maintain
homeostasis.
• When we are not, we
have a need that
creates a drive.
• Primary versus
Secondary drives
 Arousal Theory
• We are
motivated to seek
an optimum level
of arousal.
• Yerkes-Dodson
Law
 Arousal Theory
• People are motivated to maintain an optimum
level of arousal—neither too
high nor too low

• Curiosity motive—helps us understand

our environment
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• Abraham Maslow said
we are motivated by
needs, and all needs
are not created equal.
• We are driven to
satisfy the lower
level needs first.
Motivation of HUNGER
 Biological Basis of Hunger
• Hunger does NOT
come from our
stomach.
It comes from our…
• Brain
What part of the
brain?
• The Hypothalamus
 Hypothalamus
Lateral Hypothalamus Ventromedial Hypothalamus
• When stimulated it • When stimulated you
makes you hungry. feel full.
• When lesioned • When lesioned you will
(destroyed) you will never feel full again.
never be hungry again.
 Set Point Theory
• The hypothalamus
acts like a thermostat.
• Wants to maintain a
stable weight.
• Activate the lateral
when you diet and
activate the
ventromedial when you
start to gain weight.
Body Chemistry
• Glucose
• The hormone insulin
converts glucose to
fat.
• When glucose levels
drop- hunger increases.
EATING DISORDERS
 Bulimia Nervosa
• Characterized by
binging (eating large
amounts of food) and
purging (getting rid
of the food).
 Anorexia Nervosa
• Starve themselves to below 85% of their
normal body weight.
• See themselves as fat.
• Vast majority are woman.
 Types of Anorexia
• BINGE EATING OR
PURGING TYPE: the
person has regularly
engaged in binge-eating
OR purging behavior. It
includes self-induced
vomiting, over-exercise
or the misuse of
laxatives, diuretics, or
enemas.
 Types
– RESTIRICTING TYPE: In
the restricting type, the
individual severely
restricts food intake but
does not engage in the
behaviors seen in the
binge eating type.
 Obesity
• Severely overweight
to the point where it
causes health issues.
• Mostly eating habits
but some people are
predisposed towards
obesity.
 Achievement Motivation
What motivates us to work?
(School, job, sports, video games, relationships etc..)

Intrinsic Motivators Extrinsic Motivators

• Rewards we get • Reward that we get for
internally, such as accomplishments from
enjoyment or outside ourselves (grades
satisfaction. or money or etc..)
• Work great in the short
run.
 Management Theory
Management/Teaching styles relate closely to Intrinsic/Extrinsic
Motivators.

Theory X
• Managers believes that
employees will work only if
rewarded with benefits or
threatened with punishment.
• Think employees are
Extrinsically Motivated.
• Only interested in Maslow’s
lower needs.
Theory Y
• Managers believe that
employees are internally
motivated to do good work
and policies should encourage
this internal motive.
• Interested in Maslow’s
higher needs.
 When Motives Conflict
• approach-approach
conflict
• avoidance-avoidance
conflict
• approach-avoidance
conflict
• Multiple approach-
avoidance conflicts
QUESTIONS ?????