Sustainable Transportation, Transport

Supply Management (TSM) & Transport

Demand Management (TDM)
Problems of Motorization in
Indonesia
1. Traffic Congestion
2. Traffic Accident
3. A deteriorating urban environment
4. Conflict between motorized and non-
motorized transport
5. Failure of public transport to supply the
poor in a non-subsidized commercial
market
6. Suburbanization and urban sprawl
7. Energy conservation and reduction of
CO2 emission
 SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION

Sustainability planning is to development

what preventive medicine is to health: it anticipates
and manages problems rather than
waiting for crises to develop. (Todd Litman, VTPI)
PARADIGM SHIFT IN URBAN
TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
 The difficulty of providing enough mobility which people
wanted even with all the serious efforts in the past
decades.
Why Change Paradigms?

Our transportation system provides many benefits, but it

also causes many problems.
 It serves non-drivers poorly.
 It distributes benefits and cost inequitably
 It is financially burdensome to households, governments
and businesses.
Why Change Paradigms?

 It is increasingly inefficient due to traffic congestion and

dispersed land use.
 It is a major cause of death and disability.
 It contradicts environmental and quality of life objectives.
 It relies on non-renewable resources that may become
scarce in the future.
Why Change Paradigms?

 A paradigm refers to how people

think about problems and develop
solutions.
 “Work smarter, not harder”
 “Think outside the box”
 Paradigm shifts needed to achieve
more sustainable transport.
Transportasi Berkelanjutan
(Sustainable Transport)
Center for Sustainable Development (1997)
Sistem transportasi yang berkelanjutan sebagai suatu sistem yang
menyediakan akses terhadap kebutuhan dasar individu atau masyarakat
secara aman dan dalam cara yang tetap konsisten dengan kesehatan
manusia dan ekosistem, dan dengan keadilan masyarakat saat ini dan
masa datang.
What is Sustainable
Transportation?
Sustainable transportation requires using each mode for what it does
best, which typically means greater reliance on non-motorized for local
travel, increased use of public transit in urban areas, a
reduction (but not elimination) of personal automobiles use
(World Bank, 1996).
Transportasi Berkelanjutan
(Sustainable Transport) (lanjutan)
Selain itu, harus juga terjangkau secara finansial,
beroperasi secara efisien, penyediaan alternatif pilihan
moda, dan mendukung laju perkembangan ekonomi.
Transportasi Berkelanjutan
(Sustainable Transport) (lanjutan)
Membatasi emisi dan buangan sesuai dengan kemampuan
absorbsi alam, meminimumkan penggunaan energi dari
sumber yang tak terbarukan, menggunakan komponen yang
terdaur ulang, dan meminimumkan penggunaan lahan serta
memproduksi polusi suara sekecil mungkin.
Sustainable Transportation

Strategies are those that meet the basic mobility needs of

all and be sustained into the foreseeable future without
destruction of the local or planetary resource base
Sustainable Transportation

Require the balanced harmonious balancing of three

elements (3E  Economics, Environment, and Equity)
mobility is to be pursued in a manner consistent with long-
term environmental protection and social fairness (other
variant is 3P  Poverty, Population, and Pollution).
Sustainable Transportation
Objectives of Sustainable Urban Transportation

 meet the demand for Transportation

mobility Objective
·safety ·high efficiency

 optimize use of resources ·smooth

·comfort
·multi-selectivity
· easy accessibility

 improve environmental
quality
Urban
 promote social harmony Sustainable
Transportation
 increase level of safety
 realize the virtuous cycle of Environment
Protection
Resources
Utilization
society, economy, mobility Objective Objective
and environment.
PARADIGM SHIFT IN URBAN
TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
 Conventional urban transport planners intended to
accommodate increasing transport demands with new
constructions and major improvements of transport
facilities, and also with efficient use of existing
infrastructure through various traffic engineering
measures (i.e. Traffic Management)
PARADIGM SHIFT IN URBAN
TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
 This demand-following type approach was found to be
effective for some time, but as motorization and
further urbanization proceeded this approach has
become ineffective and difficult to pursue both
financially and politically.
The Vicious Circle of
Congestion

Congestion Public
The number pressures to
of increase
movements capacity
increases
New
The average capacity
length of Movements
movements are more
increases Urban sprawl
easy
is favored
PARADIGM SHIFT IN URBAN
TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
 Professor P. Goodwin referred to the underlying changes
of transport policy as a
“PREDICT and PROVIDE” approach
to a
“PREDICT and PREVENT” approach.
URBAN TRANSPORT POLICY
OPTIONS

ACTIVITY TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEM SYSTEM
(Demand Side) (Supply Side)

INSTITUTIONAL
FRAMEWORK
(Society)
Transportation Supply
Management
TSM vs TDM

 Transportation Supply Management

(TSM):
 TSM measures to enhance capacity and
throughput, and traffic flow and operations
 TSM measures to restrain traffic flow and
throughput
 Transportation Demand Management
(TDM):
 include a variety of measures to reduce
individual transport and change transport
demand types.
Transport Supply Management

 Transportation supply management strategies maintain

or improve safety for all users, defer the need for major
infrastructure investments, provide the best possible
level of service, and minimize the impacts of
transportation activities on community livability.
Transport Supply Management

 Wide range of Transport Supply Management strategies

also include: make the best use of its facilities,
networks and services, both to maximize their people-
moving capacity and to reduce the costs of their
operation
Down’s Law (1962)
or Down’s Triple Convergence
(1992)
New highway construction along a traffic corridor reduces
travel impedance, but it also induces traffic from other
corridors and other mode, often resulting in return to
previous congestion levels.
Moreover, latent demand created by the previous shortage
of road capacity also surfaces and swamps the new
highway capacity.
CONGESTION REDUCING
MEASURES

SUPPLY SIDE (TSM) DEMAND SIDE

(TDM)
 Efficient Use of
Existing  Manage Existing
Facilities Demand

 Increase Supply  Control Demand

Growth
EVALUATION OF MEASURES
BY CATEGORY

 Measures that reduce congestion by managing the

existing supply are rated above average in
effectiveness and below average in cost and ease of
implementation.
EVALUATION OF MEASURES
BY CATEGORY

 Measures that reduce congestion by adding to the

supply are rated the most effective; however, they are
also rated the most expensive to implement or operate
and the most difficult to implement.
Dealing with Traffic
Congestion
Managing Road Space Supply
 Managing existing street space
more efficiently to maximize
available capacity
 Construct new streets and roads
to add more capacity
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
(Supply Side)
 Traffic Management
 Improvement of Alternative Modes
 Integrated Multi-Mode Transport System
 Transportation Infrastructure Development
 New Technology
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
(Supply Side)
 Traffic Management

~ Efficient use via traffic eng.

Measures
 Improvement of Alternative Modes

~ Public transportation;
~ Para-transit;
~ Bicycle/walking.
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
(Supply Side)
 Integrated Multi-Mode Transport System

~ Park and Ride facilities;

~ Kiss and Ride facilities.
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
(Supply Side)
 Transportation Infrastructure Development

~ Functional road / public

transportation network;
~ High quality / capacity system –
urban rail;
~ Ring road / bypass.
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
(Supply Side)
 New Technology

~ Intelligent Transportation
System;
~ Low emission vehicle;
~ New underground delivery
system.
Peningkatan Prasarana
Transportasi di Indonesia (Tamin,
2000)

 Pembangunan Jalan Baru

 Peningkatan Kapasitas Prasarana
 Rekayasa & Manajemen Lalulintas
 Kebijakan Perparkiran
 Prioritas Angkutan Umum
Pembangunan Jalan Baru

 Jalan Bebas Hambatan (TOL) bandara.

 Jalan Bebas Hambatan (TOL) di dalam
kota [Tol Aloha – Perak]
 Jalan Lingkar Luar [jalan di depan
Galaxy Mall]
 Jalan Penghubung Baru,
menghubungkan dua zona yang sangat
tinggi lalulintasnya
Peningkatan Kapasitas
Prasarana
 Pelebaran dan perbaikan geometrik
persimpangan
 Pembuatan persimpangan tidak
sebidang [A. Yani – Jemurandayani]
 Pembangunan jalan terobosan baru,
antar wilayah administrasi
 Pembuatan jembatan
penyeberangan
Rekayasa & Manajemen
Lalulintas
Perbaikan Sistem Lampu Lalulintas
& Sistem Jaringan Jalan
 Sistem Lampu Lalulintas terisolasi
dan terkoordinasi (Area Traffic
Control System/ATCS)
Rekayasa & Manajemen
Lalulintas
 Perbaikan perencanaan sistem
jaringan jalan yang ada yang
menunjang Sistem Angkutan Umum
Transportasi Perkotaan Terpadu
(SAUTPT)  KA Komuter SUSI,
SULAM, dlsb
 Penerapan Manajemen Transportasi
(parkir, pedestrian,
busway/buslane, traffic restraint).
Rekayasa & Manajemen
Lalulintas
Kebijakan Perparkiran
 Pembatasan tempat parkir di badan
jalan
 Fasilitas parkir di luar daerah (park
and ride)
 Pengaturan biaya parkir
 Denda pelanggaran parkir
Rekayasa & Manajemen
Lalulintas
Prioritas Angkutan Umum
 Perbaikan operasi pelayanan headway,
kenyamanan, keamanan, dlsb.
 Perbaikan saran penunjang jalan  halte
 Jalur khusus bus  buslane, busway
 Prioritas bus di persimpangan dengan
lalulintas
 Kemudahan pejalan kaki.
CONTRA FLOW
Transport Demand
Management
Reframing the Transportation
Question

If you ask people, “Do you think that

traffic congestion is a serious
problem that deserves significant
investment?” most would probably
answer yes.
Reframing the Transportation
Question

If you ask them, “Would you rather

invest in road capacity expansion, or use
lifestyle changes such as increased urban
density and more use of walking,
bicycling, car pooling and public
transport to solve congestion problems?”
A smaller majority would probably
choose the road improvement option.
These are essentially how choices are
framed by conventional transportation
plans.
Siklus Ketergantungan Terhadap Mobil
Pribadi (OTE, 2005) Increased Per Capita
Motor Vehicle Travel
Automobile-Oriented
Transport Policies
Automobile-
and Planning
Oriented
Practices
Land Use Patterns

Reduced
Automobile Non-Automobile
Generous
Parking Supply Dependency Travel Options

Social Stigma
Automobile-Oriented Associated With
Land Use Planning Alternative Modes

Suburbanization and
Degraded Urban
Neighborhoods
Factors Contributing to the
Growth of Driving

13%
17%
Increase in population

Increase in trip length

Increase in trips
17%
Decrease in vehicle
occupancy
35%
Switch to driving

18%
CONGESTION REDUCING
MEASURES

SUPPLY SIDE (TSM) DEMAND SIDE

(TDM)
 Efficient Use of
Existing  Manage Existing
Facilities Demand

 Increase Supply  Control Demand

Growth
ACTIVITY SYSTEM
(Demand Side)
 Transportation Demand Management
 Land Use / Urban Planning
 Regional / National Development Policy
 Industrial / Labor Policy
 Social Policy
ACTIVITY SYSTEM
(Demand Side)
 Transportation Demand Management

~Travel reduction;
~ Peak spreading / reduction;
~ Modal shift – reduction of car /
truck use
eg. road pricing, telecommuting,
car/van pooling, car sharing,
etc.
Service Attributes of Urban Transportation
Modes
Speed (km/hr)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Private car on freeway

Private car on
Maximum capacity
conventional road
Average speed
Light rapid transport
system

Urban railway

Bus using reserved lane

on highways
Bus on conventional
road network

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000

Capacity (pers/hr)
Modal Split for Global Cities,
1995

100
90
80
70 Private Motor Vehicle
60 Transit
50 Walking / Cycling
40
30
20
10
0
Chinese American Australian West High Income Low Income
Cities Cities Cities European Asian Cities Asian Cities
Cities
Major Targets of TDM
Measures
 Reduction of total movement and travel through
moderation of activities which generate travel;
 Reduction of vehicle traffic through modal change and
efficient use of motor vehicles;
 De-concentration of traffic over time and space;
ACTIVITY SYSTEM
(Demand Side)
 Land Use / Urban Planning
~ Growth management;
~ Compact city;
~ Intensive development with mixed uses;
~ Transit-Oriented-Development.
ACTIVITY SYSTEM
(Demand Side)
 Regional / National Development Policy
~ Development of secondary cities
 Industrial / Labor Policy
~ Work/Business style;
~ Production/Distribution process.
 Social Policy
~ Life style;
~ Leisure.
Dealing with Traffic
Congestion
Managing Transport Demand (TDM)
 Controls on Vehicle Ownership
 Vehicle Ownership Taxation
 Vehicle Quotas
 Garaging Requirements
 Controls on Vehicle Usage
 Non-pricing Access Controls
 Basic Pricing
 On-street Parking Control
Park and Bus-Ride

 Reduction of total movement and travel through

moderation of activities which generate travel;
 Reduction of vehicle traffic through modal change and
efficient use of motor vehicles;
 De-concentration of traffic over time and space;
Options for Bus Transport

 Traffic Management and Bus

Operations
 Integrated Busways and Urban
Development
 Public Transport Financing: Fare
Levels and Subsidies.
Conclusions

1. Road transport demand will always

exceed the supply of road space,
no matter how well managed and
how efficiently used.
Municipalities have no alternatives
but to consider ways of controlling
and managing the demand for road
space.
Conclusions

2. Non-pricing access controls have

their place in protecting sensitive
areas, or in better allocating road
space among road users. They
should be imposed after careful
study to be sure that all the costs.
Conclusions

3. Higher fuel taxes directly affect the

cost of using vehicles and thereby
reducing usage, and tend to
encourage the use of smaller, more
fuel-efficient vehicles. European and
Japanese levels of gasoline taxation
may be a more appropriate
benchmark for fuel taxation in
Indonesia than the level in the
United States.
Conclusions

4. Effective traffic management

could greatly reduce the effects
of congestion on bus operation.
Bus transport that can
accommodate the demand for
accessibility most efficiently
should receive priority.
Conclusions

5. Busways can be used to create a new

form of city structure in medium-
size cities. The busway can form the
urban axis of high-density
development corridors that radiate
from the city center. Efficient
busways system could make less fuel
consumption per head, even though
car ownership per head became very
high.
Conclusions

6. A key element in the provision of

adequate and sustainable bus
service is the financial viability of
the system. It is considered
necessary to subsidize bus
transport as a way of assisting the
lower-income segments of the
population and encourage public
transport use.