Hydraulic Turbine – Governing System

Requirement
To maintain the rotational speed of the runner as
constant by controlling the water flow rate in-line
with the power requirement at the turbine shaft.

Major Components
1. Mechanical governor with proper linkages
2. Electrical / electronic sensors
3. Hydraulic force amplification system
Hydraulic Power Pack - pumps, relay cylinder
(hydraulic actuator, servo motor), pressure relief valve,
oil tank, filter, valves, etc.
Typical Governing System – Pelton Turbine
Hyd.
Pump

Governor
Shaft

Nozzle
Arrgt.

Fly Balls Fly Balls

Slider
Fulcrum

Runner Shaft Releif

Valve

Hyd.
Pump Hyd.
Pump
Oil
Filter

Oil Tank

Governing System – Normal Speed

Typical Governing System – Pelton Turbine
Hyd.
Pump

Governor
Shaft

Nozzle
Arrgt.

Fly Balls Fly Balls

Runner Shaft Releif

Valve

Hyd.
Pump Hyd.
Pump
Oil
Filter

Oil Tank

Governing System – To reduce the speed

Typical Governing System – Pelton Turbine
Hyd.
Pump

Governor
Shaft

Nozzle
Arrgt.

Fly Balls Fly Balls

Slider
Fulcrum

Runner Shaft Releif

Valve

Hyd.
Pump Hyd.
Pump
Oil
Filter

Oil Tank

Governing System – To increase the speed

 Typical Governing System
Francis & Kaplan Turbine

Hyd.
Pump

Governor
Shaft

Fly Balls Fly Balls

Slider
Fulcrum

Runner Shaft Releif

Valve
Runner

Hyd. Swivelling Guide Vanes

Pump Hyd.
Pump
Oil
Filter

Oil Tank

Governing System – Normal speed

 Typical Governing System
Francis & Kaplan Turbine

Governor
Shaft

Fly Balls Fly Balls

Runner Shaft Releif

Valve

Hyd.
Pump Hyd.
Pump
Oil
Filter

Oil Tank

Governing System – To reduce the speed

 Typical Governing System
Francis & Kaplan Turbine
Hyd.
Pump

Governor
Shaft

Fly Balls Fly Balls

Slider
Fulcrum

Runner Shaft Releif

Valve

Hyd.
Pump Hyd.
Pump
Oil
Filter

Oil Tank

Governing System – To increase the speed

 Operation of Guide Vanes

.
Guide vane at Design
Position = 12.21°

Guide vane at Max. open

Position = 18°
 Francis Turbine Francis Turbine
Guide Vanes – Closed Position Guide Vanes – Open Position
 Numerical
A Pelton turbine having a mean diameter of 4 m receives water from a
reservoir at a available head of 750 m. The buckets deflection angle is
165 and the speed ratio is 0.47. Assuming friction loss coefficient of
buckets as 0.88, and nozzle velocity Coefficient as 0.97, calculate: (i)
Hydraulic efficiency, (ii) Specific speed, (iii) Power output.

Water under a head of 1310 m is available for a hydro-electric power

station, and is to be delivered to the turbine house through three circular
ducts of 5.6 km (each) long, in which the head loss due to friction may
be assumed as 60 m. It is decided to install a number of double jet
Pelton wheels working at a speed of 450 RPM with a specific speed not
exceeding 19 per jet, to produce a total shaft output of 750 MW.
Assume that the overall efficiency of the turbines = 87 %, Cd of nozzles
= 0.92, Cv of nozzles = 0.97 and speed ratio = 0.47, bucket loss
coefficient = 0.91, determine: i. Minimum number of Pelton wheels
are to be used, ii. wheel effective diameter, iii. nozzle diameter and iv.
the minimum size (diameter) of supply duct (f = 0.01).
 Numerical
A double jet Pelton turbine, required to develop 5400 kW, has a specific
speed of 20 and is supplied with water through a pipeline of 1250 m
long from a reservoir; the level of water is 350 m above the nozzles.
Allowing a loss of 5 % due to friction in the pipeline, work-out: (i)
rotational speed of the turbine, (ii) mean diameter of turbine, (iii) nozzle
diameter, and (iv) the diameter of supply pipeline. Assume: Cv of
nozzle = 0.97, Speed ratio = 0.46, Overall efficiency = 85 %, and 4f =
0.024.

An inward flow reaction turbine develops 150 kW when the available

water head is 8 m and the speed of rotation is 150 RPM. Assuming that
the speed ratio as 0.36, flow ratio as 0.96, overall efficiency as 70 %,
hydraulic losses as 22 % of the available energy and the water leaving
the runner radially, determine: (i) the guide vanes exit angle, (ii) runner
vanes inlet angle, and (iii) runner outer diameter.
 Numerical
A Francis turbine has a diameter of 1.4 m and rotates at 430 RPM.
Water enters the runner without shock with a flow velocity of 9.5 m/s
and leaves the runner without whirl with an absolute velocity of 7 m/s.
The difference between the sum of the static and potential heads at
entrance to the runner and at the exit from the runner is 62 m. The
turbine develops 12.25 MW. The flow rate through the turbine is 12 m3/s
for a net head of 115m. Draw the inlet and outlet velocity triangles and
determine the following: (i) The absolute velocty of water at the runner
entry, (ii) guide vanes exit angle, (iii) runner blades inlet & exit angles,
(iv) hydraulic efficiency and (v) the loss of head in the runner.

For a Kaplan turbine having the runner tip diameter of 4 m, water flow
rate = 60 m3/s, hydraulic efficiency = 90 %, mechanical efficiency = 94
%, boss diameter = 0.3  runner tip diameter, and the speed ratio = 2.0.
Assuming the discharge is free and there is no swirl at the outlet,
calculate the net available head on the turbine, power developed by the
turbine and the specific speed of the turbine.
 Numerical
Water enters an axial flow turbine with an absolute tangential velocity
component of 10 m/s and leaves the rotor blade with no angular
momentum. The blade velocity is 36 m/s and the stagnation pressure
drop across the turbine is 4.2 bar, calculate the efficiency of the turbine.

Calculate the diameter, speed and specific speed of the runner of

Kaplan turbine developing 6 MW under an effective head of 5 m. The
overall efficiency of the turbine is 85 %. The diameter of the boss is 0.4
times the external diameter of the runner. The turbine speed ratio is 2.0
and flow ratio is 0.6.
 Numerical
The following refer to a propeller turbine; determine: 1. Runner vanes
inlet and exit angles at hub, mean diameter, and tip, and 2. water flow
rate.
Tip diameter = 4.5 m Hub diameter = 2 m
Power developed = 22 MW Runner speed = 150 RPM
Hyd. Effy = 92 % Overall effy. = 85 %
Flow at exit = Purely radial Head = 21 m
(Zero swirl)

The following refer to a Kaplan turbine; determine: 1. Runner vanes inlet

and exit angles, 2. Runner tip and boss diameters, and 3. rotational
speed of runner.
Power developed = 9.3 MW Available Head = 8 m
Hyd. Effy. = 86 % Mech. effy. = 90 %
Speed ratio w.r.t. tip = 2.2, Flow ratio = 0.66
Boss diameter = 0.35 x Tip diameter
 Measurement Sections

1 0° Section
2 30° Section
3 90° Section
4 90°/60° Section
5 90°/90° Section

Geometrical Details
Area ratio (wo/wi) 2.0
Y
Aspect ratio (h/wi) 2.0
Radius of curvature 191 mm
Center line length 600 mm

X Longitudinal Direction
Y Radial Direction
Z Lateral Direction

Schematic Layout of S-shaped Rectangular Test Diffuser