The Edvon Stem Robotic Kit

Business Data Communications
Chapter One
Introduction to Data Communications
Business Data Communications, by Allen Dooley, (c) 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Chapter One 1
Changing our World
Primary Learning Objectives
 Identify five data communications phases

 Understand the importance of protocols and
standards
 Be familiar with the OSI and TCP/IP networking
models
 Describe the benefits of a layered architecture
 Recognize the general categories of networks
Five Data Communications Phases
 1960s - Digitization of Data
 1970s - Growth of Data Communications
 1980s - An Era of Deregulation
 1990s - The Internet as a Common Tool
 2000s - Pervasive Computing
1960s –
Digitization of Data
 Digitization transcribes data into binary form
 First large-scale, mainframe computer systems are

proprietary and they use a closed architecture
technology
 The trend today is for open architecture technologies
1960s –
Digitization of Data
1970s –
Growth of Data Communications
 With greater frequency, businesses automate their
previously manual processes, using computer
technology
 As a result, computers become more prevalent
 Increasingly, computers need to communicate with
each other so that their data and resources can be
shared
 Data communication infrastructures evolve in
response to this need, particularly packet-switching
networks
1970s –
Growth of Data Communications
1980s –
An Era of Deregulation
 Initially, the telecommunications industry in the
United States runs as a monopoly under Bell
Telephone/AT&T
 In 1984, the United States deregulates long
distance telecommunication resulting in the breakup
of Bell Telephone/AT&T
 Deregulation’s intent is to provide greater
competition in a given market
1990 –
Internet as Common Tool
 In 1969, ARPA evolves into ARPANET, which
eventually evolves into today’s Internet
 IPv4, the original protocol version for the Internet
 Not designed with multimedia data in mind
 Today, hundreds of millions of people worldwide
connect to the IPv4 Internet
 IPv6, the latest version of the Internet, will gradually
replace IPv4
1990 –
Internet as Common Tool
2000s –
Pervasive Computing
 Pervasive Computing
 A technology so commonly used it can be taken for granted
 Essential to future pervasive computing will be
wireless technologies
 For example, telemetry allows the wireless
transmission and reception of data for monitoring
equipment and environmental conditions
2000s – Pervasive Computing
Acme’s use of Telemetry
Data Communications
 Currently a subset of telecommunications, although

the differences are beginning to blur
 Telecommunications includes television, telegraphy,
and telephony
 Data communications focuses primarily on the
transmission of data between computing devices
0110010101110001010101
Encoding Schemes
 Data is transmitted using binary encoding schemes

 Binary encoding schemes, of which there are several,
use the binary digits 0 and 1
 A new binary encoding scheme called Unicode will
allow for the encoding of more than 64,000 unique
characters
 Traditional encoding schemes, such as EBCDIC and
Extended ASCII, allow for only 256 unique characters
Protocols
 Data communications also depend on protocols
 Protocols determine the rules for how something is

performed or accomplished
 Protocols become established or defined through a

standards process
Standards
 Standards may be formal or informal

 Informal standards are also called “de facto”
standards
 Standards can be proprietary or open
 The trend is toward open standards
 There are numerous standard-setting bodies
 ISO, ANSI, IEEE, IETF, to name a few
Networking Models
 Models are logical and based on theory

 In data communications, two important models are:
 OSI – Open Systems Interconnection
 TCP/IP – Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
 The OSI and TCP/IP models are both open system
models that use a layered architecture
 The OSI has seven Layers
 The TCP/IP has four or five layers, depending on the
source
The Layering Approach
 In a layered model, each layer is responsible for

specific functions
 A layer must be able to communicate with the layer
immediately above or below it
 However, a layer does not have to “understand” how
a layer above or below works
 Designers of networking technologies can create
products that function within a specific layer
The OSI Layers
 Application
 Presentation
 Session
 Transport
 Network
 Data Link
 Physical
The TCP/IP Layers
 Application
 Transport
 Network
The application layer of the
 Data Link TCP/IP model includes the
 Physical application, presentation,
and session layers of the
OSI model.
OSI and TCP/IP
 These models have several similarities

 Both offer layered architectures
 Both are open models
 They have similar data link layer functions
 They have similar physical layer functions
 Of the two, TCP/IP is the older and the more popular
Networks
 Standards and protocols are critical in data

communications when creating a network
 Networks have four general classifications
 Local Area Network – LAN
 Backbone Network – BN
 Metropolitan Area Network – MAN
 Wide Area Network – WAN
 Networks are based on models
A Local Area Network
A Possible Backbone Network
A Metropolitan Area Network
A Wide Area Network
In Summary
 Data communications is a multifaceted field

 Many technologists end up specializing in specific areas
 Many standard-setting bodies affect its direction
 Pervasive computing will transform how the average

person uses and experiences data communications
technology

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Business Data Communications

 Identify five data communications phases

 1960s - Digitization of Data

 1970s - Growth of Data Communications

 1980s - An Era of Deregulation

 1990s - The Internet as a Common Tool

 2000s - Pervasive Computing

 First large-scale, mainframe computer systems are

 The trend today is for open architecture technologies

 Currently a subset of telecommunications, although

 Data is transmitted using binary encoding schemes

 Data communications also depend on protocols

 Protocols determine the rules for how something is

 Protocols become established or defined through a

 Standards may be formal or informal

 Models are logical and based on theory

 In a layered model, each layer is responsible for

 These models have several similarities

 Standards and protocols are critical in data

 Data communications is a multifaceted field

 Many standard-setting bodies affect its direction

 Pervasive computing will transform how the average

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