Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Theories
• Trait Theory
• Behavioural Theories
• -Ohio state Studies and Michigan Studies
-Managerial Grid
Contingency Theory :
• - Fiedler’s Least Preferred Co-worker (LPC) Theory
Situational Theory :
• -Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Theory
-House’s Path Goal Theory
-Leader Participation Model
Trait Theory
• What characteristics or traits make a person a
leader?
• Great Man Theory: Individuals are born either
with or without the necessary traits for leadership
• Trait theories of leadership sought personality,
social, physical or intellectual traits that
differentiate leaders from non leaders
• Technical, conceptual and human skills (Katz
1974)
Trait Theory
The trait theory is based on the great man theory, but it is more systematic in its analysis
of leaders. Like the great man theory, this theory assumes that the leader’s personal traits
are the key to leadership success.
Personality Traits
Job Security
Traits of Leaders
• Intelligence
• Physical Features
• Inner Motivation
• Maturity
• Vision & Foresight
• Acceptance of Responsibility
• Open-Minded and adaptability
• Self-confidence
• Human Relations Attitude
• Fairness and Objectivity
Limitations
• No universal traits that predict leadership
in all situations.
• Unclear evidence of the cause and effect
of relationship of leadership and traits.
• Better predictor of the appearance of
leadership than distinguishing effective and
ineffective leaders.
Behavioural Theory
• These theories of leadership are based upon the
belief that great leaders are made, not born.
• Rooted in behaviorism, this leadership theory
focuses on the actions of leaders not on mental
qualities or internal states.
• According to this theory, people can learn to
become leaders through teaching and observation.
• The behavior approach says that anyone who
adopts the appropriate behavior can be a good
leader.
Kurt Lewin
• Lowa State Work
• Autocratic
• Democratic
Behavioual Leadership
Studies
• The Ohio State Studies sought to identify
independent dimensions of leader behavior
– Initiating structure
– Consideration
• The University of Michigan Studies sought to
identify the behavioral characteristics of leaders
related to performance effectiveness
– Employee oriented
– Production oriented
Ohio State Studies
University of Michigan Studies
Managerial Grid ( Blake & Mouton)
Contingency Theories
& situational Theories of
Leadership
Contingency Theories
– Fiedler Model
Cognitive Resource Theory
– Hersey and Blencherd’s Situational Theory
– Leader-member Exchange Theory
– Path-Goal Theory
– Leader Participation Model
Contingency Theories
A paternal model:
– As the child matures, the adult releases more and more
control over the situation
– As the workers become more ready, the leader becomes
more laissez-faire
Cont….
• Hersey and Blencherd identify four specific
leader behaviors
• The most effective behavior depends on the
follower’s ability and motivation
3. If followers are unable and unwilling to do a task,
the leader needs to give specific and clear directions.
4. If followers are unable and willing,
The leader need to display a high task orientation.
5. If the followers are able and unwilling,
The leader needs to use a supportive and participative
style.
6. If followers are both able and willing,
The leader doesn't need to do much.
Situational Leadership
Theory
HT&HR
HR<
HT&LR
LT&LR
Mature Immature
Leader-Member Exchange (LMX)
Theory
• Leaders create in-groups and out-groups, and subordinates
with in-group status will have higher performances ratings,
less turnover, and greater satisfaction with their superior.
LMX Premise:
– Because of time pressures, leaders form a special
relationship with a small group of followers: the “in-
group”
– This in-group is trusted and gets more time and
attention from the leader (more “exchanges”)
– All other followers are in the “out-group” and get less
of the leader’s attention and tend to have formal
relationships with the leader (fewer “exchanges”)
– Leaders pick group members early in the relationship
Leader-Member Exchange Theory
Path-Goal Theory
11–36
Cont…
Four types of leaders: