ACCUMULATION OF

MIGRATING PETROLEUM
 ACCUMULATION
• OIL ACCUMULATES AND STRATIFIED DEPENDS ON ITS FLUID PHASES AND THE
AMOUNTS OF FORMATION WATER.
• GAS IS LIGHTEST AND ACCUMULATES ABOVE OIL, WHICH OVERLIES WATER.
 THE QUALITY OF GAS DISSOLVED IN OIL:
o PRESSURE,
o TEMPERATURE,
o HYDROCARBON CHARACTERISTICS.

• PETROLEUM ACCUMULATES IN THE HIGHEST PERMEABLE PORTIONS OF THE

RESERVOIR BECAUSE OF HYDRODYNAMICS.
• IMPORTANT FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED:
o THE POROSITY (VOLUME OF PORE SPACES),
o PERMEABILITY (CAPACITY FOR TRANSMITTING FLUIDS) OF CARRIER AND
RESERVOIR BEDS.
 TYPE OF RESEVOIRS
CLASTIC CARBONATE
RESEVOIRS RESEVOIRS
 CLASTIC RESEVOIRS
• OCCUR WORLDWIDE & AT ALL DEPTHS & IN EVERY CLIMATE
• CONSIST OF SANDSTONE & CONGLOMERATE MADE OF QUARTZ, FELDSPAR &
MINOR AMOUNT OF HEAVY MINERAL GRAINS
• HAVE GOOD POROSITY & PERMEABILITY
• GRAIN SIZE REFLECTS HYDRAULIC ENERGY

HARD & SPLINTERY QUARTZ SANDS TONE

SHALES SILICA CEMENT DRILLED MORE
RESIST RAPID DRILLING & VERY SLOWLY THAN WITH CALCITE
SLOW CEMENT
MOST SHALE UNITS
DRILL RAPIDLY THAN OTHER
DRILLING RATE
TYPES OF ROCK VERY SOFT & STICKY
SHALES
COMBINED WITH WATER AND
CLOG THE BIT (PREVENT
 CARBONATE RESERVOIRS
• MAJORITY OCCUR IN SHALLOW, TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS
• LIMESTONES RESEVOIR FORMATION
o HAVE BEEN SLOWLY ACCUMULATE WHEN THE REMAINS OF CALCAREOUS SHELLY
MARINE ORGANISMS, CORAL & ALGAE SETTLE TO THE OCEAN BOTTOM

• GRAIN SIZE REFLECTS SIZE OF SKELETON & ITS CALCIFIED HARD PARTS

LOOSELY CEMENTED DENSE LIMESTONE

LIMESTONE CAN BE HARD & WILL DRILL
CAN BE EASILY DRILLED (FOSSIL DRILLING RATE SLOWLY (LOW POROSITY)
FRAGMENTS)
CROSS-SECTION OF A TYPICAL CARBONATE
PLATFORM
SEALS & CAP ROCK
 TRAPS!!!

• OCCURS AFTER THE SECONDARY MIGRATION IN CARRIER BEDS.

• FUNDAMENTAL OF A TRAP – AN UPWARD CONVEX FORM OF
POROUS AND PERMEABLE RESEVOIR ROCK THAT IS SEALED
ABOVE BY A DENSER, RELATIVELY IMPERMEABLE CAP ROCK.
• CAN BE STRUCTURAL, STRATIGRAPHIC OR COMBINATION
TRAP OF 2
 PETROLEUM TRAPS
STRUCTURAL STRATIGRAPHIC COMBINATION
TRAPS TRAPS TRAPS

DEFORMATION OF OIL ACCUMULATES A DEFORMED

ROCKS CREATES DUE TO CHANGES OF DEPOSITIONAL
STRUCTURAL TRAPS ROCK CHARACTER SEDIMENTARY BODY,
BY FOLDING OR RATHER THAN FORMS A
FAULTING FAULTING OR COMBINATION
FOLDING OF THE STRATIGRAPIC-
ROCK STRUCTURAL TRAP
STRUCTURAL TRAPS

• ANTI-CLINE
o SIMPLE FOLD THAT TRAPS
PETROLEUM IN CREST
o CAN BE SYMMETRICAL OR
ASYMMETRICAL
STRUCTURAL TRAPS

• OVERTHRUST ANTI-CLINES
o PRODUCE ABUDANTLY FROM
FIELDS IN OVERTHRUST BELT
PROVINCES
o NORMALLY ASYMMETRICAL &
COMPLEXLY FAULTED
 STRUCTURAL TRAPS
• FAULT TRAPS
o FORMED BY MOVEMENT OF ROCK ALONG A
FAULT LINE.
o RESEVOIR MOVED OPPOSITE A LAYER OF
IMPERMEABLE ROCK
STRUCTURAL TRAPS

• SALT TRAPS/DOMES
o SALT WILL SLOWLY MOVE UPWARD
UNTIL IT BREAKS THROUGH TO THE
EARTH SURFACE, AND DISSOLVED
GROUND & RAIN WATER. UNLIKE
GLACIERS.
 STRATIGRAPHIC
TRAPS

• IF OIL MIGRATE INTO THE

SANDSTONE, IT WILL FLOW
ALONG THIS ROCK LAYER
UNTIL IT HITS THE LOW
POROSITY SHALE
 COMBINATION
TRAPS
• SPILL POINT - THE STRUCTURALLY
LOWEST POINT IN A
HYDROCARBON TRAP THAT CAN
RETAIN HYDROCARBONS.
• A–C ARE STRUCTURAL TRAPS, D IS
A STRATIGRAPHIC TRAP AND E IS A
COMBINATION TRAP.