WATER DEMAND (Chapter 24)

• Types of demand
– Average daily demand
• Building type
• Types of plumbing fixtures
• Hours of operation
• Measured in gallons per person per day
– Peak demand
• Demand during critical periods of the day
• Maximum momentary demand
• Measured in gallons per person per day
– Demand by individual plumbing fixtures
• Measured in gallons per minute
 WATER DISTRIBUTION
• Municipal street main
– Depth 2 – 7 ft. from grade
– Pressure ranges from 50 to 70 psi
• Usually adequate for lowrise buildings
• Static pressure (static head)
– Pressure exerted by water standing in vertical
piping
• Pressure exerted by a 1-sq. in. column of water, 1
ft. in height = 0.433 psi
 WATER DISTRIBUTION
• Upfeed distribution
– Simple upfeed
• Water fed to fixtures in a building only by the incoming pressure of the supply water.
This method is good for buildings up to 5 to 6 stories high.
– Pumped upfeed
• Water fed to the fixtures in a building by increasing the pressure of the supply water
using additional pumps.
– Hydro-pneumatic upfeed
• Downfeed distribution
– Uses pumps to deliver water to a rooftop storage tank of the building.
– The water in the storage tank feeds fixtures below due to the force of gravity.
• Cross-connection and backflow
– Connection between supply system and any system containing non-potable water
– Backflow prevention
• Air gap
• Atmospheric Vacuum breaker
• Pressure Vacuum breaker
 SUPPLY PIPING MATERIALS
(Chapter 24)
• Steel and galvanized steel
• Copper
• Plastic
• Water supply accessories and controls
– Valves
• Gate valve
• Globe valve
• Check valve
• Ball valve
• Butterfly valve
– Water hammer arrestor
– Insulation
– Pipe expansion
– Pipe support
 SUPPLY PIPING MATERIALS (Chapter
24)(Additional information)
• Need for piping
– To transport water from source to the locations of use
• Requirements
– Efficient
– Low maintenance
– Non-corrosive
 SUPPLY PIPING MATERIALS
(Chapter 24)
• Materials
– Steel: inexpensive, used only where water is non-
corrosive
– Brass, red: expensive, corrosion resistant to a certain
extent
– Copper: Less expensive than brass, corrosion resistant
– Plastic: Corrosion resistant, special types required for
hot water
– Galvanized steel: Moderately corrosion resistant
 SIZING OF SUPPLY PIPES
• Some definitions (additional information)
– Fixture pressure : Pressure required to operate a fixture; varies
from 5 to 15 psi
– PSI: pound(s) per square inch
– gpm: gallon(s) per minute
– Fixture unit: An index of water demand by a fixture
– DL: Actual linear distance of pipe from street main to the
remotest fixture
– EL: Additional length of piping (in terms of friction loss)
equivalent to fittings, 50% of DL
– TEL: Total Equivalent Length, DL+EL
– Static pressure: Pressure loss due to height (Height*0.433)
 SIZING OF SUPPLY PIPES
– Pressure components in an upfeed supply system
• Pflh = Pressure loss due to friction in piping
• Psm = Street or municipal main pressure
• Pf = Pressure required to operate a fixture (use the highest
figure)
• Pht = Pressure loss due to height (static pressure): 0.433 psi/ft.
• Pm = Pressure loss due to water flow through meter
• (Pflh+Pf+Pht+Pm) should be equal to Psm
– Friction loss equation
• Pflh/100 = [Psm-(Pf+Pht+Pm)]*100/TEL
 SIZING OF SUPPLY PIPES
– Total water demand
• Calculated in gpm using Hunter's curve (or the algorithm provided
by the instructor)
• Curve 1 (if Hunter's curve is used) to be used if there is any FV
operated fixture in the system
• Curve 2 (if Hunter's curve is used) to be used, if otherwise
• Demand for hot and cold supply to be calculated separately
– Pipe size
• To be determined using the sizing graph or
– By using this formula: Pf = (4.52*Q1.85)/C1.85*ð4.87)
• Both friction loss and demand calculations will be required to find
sizes
– Velocity of water in supply pipes
• Should not exceed 10 fps
• Pipe size should be increased if velocity exceeds this limit
PRESSURE TANK (Additional
information)
– Sizing pressure tank: Q = Qm/[1-(P1/P2)]
• Q = tank volume (gal)
• Qm = 15 minutes of storage at peak usage rate (gal)
• P1 = min. allowable operating pressure + 14.7 psi
• P2 = max. allowable operating pressure + 14.7 psi
• The additional 14.7 psi added to maximum and
minimum operating pressures of fixtures is
atmospheric pressure. The sum of gauge pressure
in the pumping system and atmospheric pressure is
called absolute pressure.