Are you lazy if you watch too much TV?

 Do people who watch a lot of

TV not do much physical
activity?
 Check out this relationship in
your classroom.
 Do people who watch a lot of TV not do
much physical activity?
 Writedown the number of hours a
week you watch TV and the number
of hours you do physical activity on
a piece of paper.
 Do people who watch a lot of TV not do
much physical activity?
Next,let each student
copy/write these values on the
board.
 Do people who watch a lot of TV not do
much physical activity?
Finally,make a graph with hours
of TV watched on the x-axis and
hours of physical activity on the
y-axis.
Correlation and Regression
 Correlation Analysis
 Correlation analysis is a method used to
measure the strength of relationship
between two or more variables.
 Examples of Correlated
Variables
 The students’ mental ability and
academic performance in school are
related.
 There is a close relationship between
reading comprehension and
mathematical ability.
 Types of Correlation
1. A positive correlation exists when high
scores in one variable are associated
with high scores in the second variable.
This is also true when low scores in one
variable are associated with low scores
in the other. Thus, there is direct
relationship that exists in positively
correlated variables.
 Types of Correlation
2. A negative correlation exists when high
scores in one variable are associated
with low scores in the second variable.
This is also true when low scores in one
variable are associated with high scores
in the other.
 Types of Correlation
3. A zero correlation exists when high
scores in one variable tend to score
neither systematically high nor
systematically low in the other variable.
 Scatter Diagram
A graph of plotted points that shows the
relationship between two sets of data.
Scatter Diagram (Example)
Scatter Diagram (Example)
Employee Age Efficiency
Rating
1 44 61
2 44 41
3 45 91
4 43 76
5 40 79
6 52 67
7 43 73
8 47 94
9 54 96
Correlation Coefficient
r Interpretation
1.0 Perfect correlation
±0.80 to ± 0.99 High

±0.60 to ± 0.79 Moderately high

±0.40 to ± 0.59 Moderate

±0.20 to ± 0.39 Low

±0.01 to ± 0.19 Slight/negligible

0 No correlation
Pearson Product-Moment Correlation
Coefficient
 The most common statistical tool in
measuring the linear relationship
between two random variables, x and y,
is the linear correlation coefficient
commonly called the Pearson Product-
Moment Correlation Coefficient or
Pearson r for short. This formula was
developed and perfected by Karl
Pearson.
Pearson Product-Moment Correlation
Coefficient (Formula)
Pearson Product-Moment Correlation
Coefficient (Example)
A personnel manager would like to know if
there is a relationship between
knowledge factors and practical factors
of a training course. The following
scores were obtained by six trainees on
the knowledge factors, X, and the
practical factors, Y, in a training course.
Pearson Product-Moment Correlation
Coefficient (Example)

Trainee Knowledge Practical

Factors (X) Factors
(Y)
1 2 4
2 4 10
3 4 8
4 5 8
5 7 14
6 9 16
Test of Significance of the Correlation
Coefficient
 It is important that the value of the
correlation coefficient be tested if it is
significant or not. If it is found to be
significant then, there is a relationship
that exists between the two variables.
Otherwise, the computed r is due to
chance alone.
Test of Significance of the Correlation
Coefficient (Example)
 A teacher wants to know if the number
of hours spent in studying is correlated
with the score obtained in an
examination. The following table shows
the number of hours spent in studying
and the scores obtained by six students.
Compute the correlation coefficient and
test its significance at 0.01 level.
Test of Significance of the Correlation
Coefficient (Example)

Student No. of Hours Score in the

Spent in Exam (Y)
Studying (X)
A 3.0 20
B 2.7 34
C 3.8 19
D 2.6 10
E 3.3 24
F 3.4 31
 Spearman Rank-Order Correlation
Coefficient
 The Pearson product-moment correlation
coefficient is most appropriate when the
data are interval or ratio scale. For
ordinal data, the Spearman Rank-Order
correlation coefficient of the ranks of the
variables is used to determine the
strength of relationship between two
variables. Spearman rho (ρ)
Spearman Rank-Order Correlation
Coefficient (Formula)
 Spearman Rank-Order Correlation
Coefficient (Example)
 Rank the performance of the following
students in their History and Literature
classes. Then, use Spearman rho
coefficient to test the difference between
their ranks. Use 5% level of significance.
Spearman Rank-Order Correlation
Coefficient (Example)
PERFORMANCE in
STUDENT HISTORY LITERATURE
A 78 79
B 77 80
C 88 85
D 84 78
E 80 89
F 85 80
G 79 80
H 88 85
REGRESSION ANALYSIS
 REGRESSION ANALYSIS
 Regression Analysis deals with the
estimation of one variable based on the
changes or movements of the other
variable.
 If two variables are correlated, then it is
possible to predict or estimate the value
of one variable from the knowledge of
the other variable.
 REGRESSION ANALYSIS
(formula)
 y = a + bx
 where y = criterion measure
x = predictor
a = ordinate or point where the
regression line crosses the y-axis
b = beta weight of the slope of
the line
 REGRESSION ANALYSIS
(formula)
a=
b =
 REGRESSION ANALYSIS
(example)
Data about the advertising cost of a product and its
annual sales in million pesos are shown below.
Advertising Annual
Cost (x) Sales (y)
0.9 2
1.1 4
1.1 6
1.4 8
1.5 10
1.9 12
 REGRESSION ANALYSIS
(example)
Data about the advertising cost of a product and its
annual sales in million pesos are shown below.
Advertising Annual
Cost (x) Sales (y)
0.9 2
1.1 4
1.1 6
1.4 8
1.5 10
1.9 12

1.Write the regression equation for predicting the annual

sale from the knowledge of the costs.
2.Predict the annual sale of the product, if the advertising
cost is 2 million pesos.