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. 2
Introduction
• Most of the electrical power generated in
the world today is three-phase
3
Polyphase Circuits
• So far, we have only dealt with single-
phase circuits.
4
Three-Phase Circuits
5
Three-Phase Circuits
• A three-phase alternating voltage is
produced by placing three such coils
around a magnet, each separated by 120o.
This will produce three signals that are
each 120o out of phase.
6
Three-Phase Circuits
7
Three-Phase Circuits
In three-phase circuits, one generator is
used to create three signals that are 120o
out of phase.
8
Three-Phase Circuits
1. The convention adopted to identify each
of the phase voltages is: R-red, Y-yellow,
and B-blue Or A - (red),B – (yellow), C –
(Blue).
2. The phase –sequence is given by the
sequence in which the conductors pass
the point initially taken by the red
conductor, eg. R, Y, B.
9
Phase Sequence
A set of balanced three-phase voltages consists of three sinusoidal
voltages that have identical amplitudes and frequencies but are out of
phase with each other by exactly 1200. The phases are referred to as
a, b, and c, and usually the a-phase is taken as the reference.
abc (positive) phase sequence: b-phase lags a-phase by
1200, and c-phase leads a-phase by 1200.
Vc
Va Vm 00
Va Vb Vm -1200
Vc Vm + 1200
Vb
10
Phase Sequence
Vc
12
Finish R
eR L1
start R1
Finish Y
eY L2 Load
start Y1
Finish B
eB L3
start
B1
15
The Wye Connection
The wye connection is made by
connecting one end of each of the three-
phase windings together as shown
16
The Wye Connection
17
Voltage And Current
Relationship in a
Wye Connection
IR
R
IL = IP
ZR VR
N
IN
VRY
VBR VL 3VP
VY
ZB ZY IY
VB
B
Y
VYB
IB
18
Balanced Three Phase
• Balanced three phase voltages are equal
in magnitude and are out of phase with
each other by 120o.
19
The instantaneous current in loads L1 , L2 and L3 are
R
iR
i R I m sin t R
Line conductors
R1
iY I m sin( t-120 ) N
Y1 Y Y
iY
B1
i B I m sin( t-240 )
B iB
i N i R iY i B B
L3 L2 L1
I m [sin t sin( t 120 ) iR+iY+iB
sin( t 240 )] 0
20
The Wye Connection Phasor
Diagram
21
•VRY, VYB and VBR are called line voltage R
VR
IR
•VR, VY and VB are called phase voltage VRY
VBR
N
Y
From Kirchoff voltage law we have VB VY IY
VYB
VRY VR VY VR (VY )
B
IB
VYB 22
For balanced load VR , VY and
VB are equaled but out of phase
-VB
therefore VY
23
then
VL 3 V
P
and
IL IP
24
Example.1
Three loads, each of resistance 30Ω, are connected in
star to a 415 V, 3 –phase supply. Determine (a) the
system phase voltage, (b) the phase current and (c)
the line current.
Solution:
(a)VL= √3VP. Hence, the phase voltage,
VP = VL/VP = 415/√3 = 239.6 V or
240 to 3 sig. fig
25
Example.1 cont
• Solution:
(b) Phase current, IP = VP/RP
= 240/30 = 8 A
26
Example .2
A star connected load consists of three identical coils
each of resistance 30Ω and inductance 127.3 mH. If the
line current is 5.08A, calculate the line voltage if the
supply frequency is 50 Hz.
Solution:
Inductive reactance
XL = 2πfL = 2π(50)(127.3×10-3 = 40Ω
27
Example .2 con’t
Impedance of each phase
ZP R 2 X L2 302 402 50
For a star connection :
VP
IL IP
ZP
Hence phase voltage,
VP I P Z P (5.08)(50) 254 V
Line voltage :
VL 3VP 3(254) 440V 28
The Delta (MESH) Connection
The delta connection is made by
connecting each of the three-phase
windings in a triangular shape, like the
Greek letter delta (Δ)
29
The Delta Connection
A delta (or mesh) connected load is formed when one end of the
load is connected to the start of the next load.
I L 3I P
30
Voltage And Current
Relationship in
a Delta Connection
IR
R
IRY
VL VP
ZBR
ZRY VRY
IBR VBR
IY
B
ZYB
IYB Y
I L 3I P
VYB
IB
31
IR
R
•IR, IY and IB are called line current I1
•I1, I2 and I3 are called phase current
I3 IY
Y
From Kirchoff current law we have VP
VL
I R I1 I3 I1 ( I 3 )
I2 IB
B
IY I2 I1 I 2 (I1 ) IR
I B I 3 I 2 I 3 ( I 2 )
I1
-I2 -I3
IB
In phasor diagram
I3 I2
-I1
32
IY
Since the loads are balanced, the magnitude of currents are
equaled but 120o out of phase. i.e I1 =I2=I3 ,=IP Therefore:-
IR = IL30; I1 = VP30;
IY = IL-90; I2 = VP-90;
IB = IL150; I3 = VP150;
Where IP is a phase current and IL is a line current
IR
I R 2 I1 cos 30 ( 3 ) I P
I1
I B 2I 3 cos 30
3 I P
IB
I3 I2
Thus IR=IY=IB = IL
-I1
IY 33
Hence
IL 3 I P VL VP
34
The Delta Connection Phasor
Diagram
35
Example .3
Three identical coils each of resistance 30Ω and inductance 127.3
mH are connected in delta to a 440 V , 50 Hz, 3 – phase supply.
Determine (a) the phase current, and (b) the line current.
Solution:
Phase impedance, ZP = 50Ω (see example. 2) and for delta
connection, VP = VL.
36
Example .3 con’t
(a) Phase current ,
VP VL 440
IP 8.8 A
Z P Z P 50
(b) For delta connection,
I L 3I P 3(8.8) 15.24 A
37
Example .4
Three identical capacitors are connected in delta to
a 415 V, 50 Hz, 3 –phase supply. If the line current
is 15 A, determine the capacitance of each of the
capacitors.
38
Example .4 solution
For a delta connection I L 3I P .
Hence pha se c urrent ,
I 15
IP L 8.66 A
3 3
Capacitive reac tan ce per pahse,
V V
XC P L
IP IP
(sin ce for a delta connection VL VP ) Hence
415
XC 47.92
8.66
1
XC fromwhich capaci tan ce,
2 fX C
1 1
C F 66.43 F
2 fX C 2 (50)( 47.92)
39
Power in three phase
Active power per phase = IPVP x power factor
Total active power= 3VPIP x power factor
P 3VP I P cos
If IL and VL are rms values for line current and line voltage
respectively. Then for delta () connection: VP = VL and IP
= IL/3. therefore:
P 3VL I L cos
P 3VL I L cos
40
Advantages of Three Phase
Systems
• Advantages of three-phase systems
over single-phase supplies include:
42
8. Measurement of power in 3-phase
Systems
Practically, there
are 2 popular
methods
*Can be 3
wattmeter
method, if we’ve
3 meters
44
Two Wattmeter Method
45
•Sometimes, with analog wattmeters, one of the meter
will read backward.
•To get an upscale reading, reverse either its voltage
or current connection. Then, the put the negative sign
in front of the reading. Example: - 400W
Example:
1. In two wattmeter method, the readings are 2 kW and 5
kW respectively. What is the total active power?
Ans: 7 kW
47
1. Formulas:
Detail can be obtained in Hughes reference book, page 664
1
♦ Power Factor = 2
Plow
1
Phigh
1 3
Plow
1
Phigh
Phigh Plow
♦ tan Φ = 3 Once u get the Φ, PF
P P can be obtained.
high low
PF = cos Φ
48
Example:
The input power to a three-phase motor was measured by the 2-wattmeter
method. The readings were 5.2kW an -1.7kW, and the line voltage was 400V.
Calculate:
a) The total active power
b) The total power factor
c) The line current
Answer:
a) PT = 5.2 + ( -1.7) = 3.5 kW
1 1
b) Use any method; 0.281
2 2
1.7 1 0.3269
1 1 3
1 3 5.2 1 0.3269
1 1.7
5.2
b) PT = 1.73 x IL x VL x cosΦ
3500 = 1.73 x IL x 400 x 0.281
49
IL= 18A
Summary
1. The voltages of a three-phase system are 120° out of
phase with each other.