Erik Erikson’s

Psychosocial theory
 Developing a Sense of Trust-- develops
when the infant’s needs are met consistently
 Formation of developmental tasks
 The trust acquired in infancy provides the
foundation for all succeeding phases.
 The infant receives stimulation and pleasure
through his mouth.
Nurses must watch out for fixation in
patients which rests the GI system due to
medical condition
Frustration is heightened in situations in
which the parent is emotionally immature
and does not understand the infant’s
behavioral cues because of his or her own
self-centered phase of development.
Primary narcissism (total concern for
oneself) is at its height.
Failure to learn delayed gratification leads
to mistrust
Separation of infant and parent may prevent attachment and
the emergence of a trusting relationship for the infant. Lack of
pleasant sensations can result in an irritable and unhappy
indicative of their inadequacy in satisfying the child’s
emotional and physical needs by the parent
 Jean Piaget’s
Cognitive theory
can discriminate rhythmic patterns in native vs non-native
language.
can recognize facial expressions (smiles)
Progresses from reflex activity,
simple repetitive behaviors, imitate behaviors;
object permanence, causality, and spatial relationships
differentiate among patterns, colors, and consonants
primitive understanding of Cause-and-effect relationships
 Sigmund
Freud’s
Psychosexual
Theory
Psychosexual Stages
of Development
• Childhood experiences shape our
personalities and behavior as adults.
• Parents play a crucial role in managing their
children’s sexual and aggressive drives.
• If a person fails on a stage, we may become
stuck in, or fixated on, that stage.
• children’s pleasure-seeking urges (governed
by the id) are focused on erogenous zone.
• It includes five stages of development: oral,
anal, phallic, latency, and genital
 Oral stage
• The mouth is the pleasure center for development
• “Sucking Reflex”
• Infant is entirely dependent upon caretakers or to their mothers
 What if oral needs are not met?
• Fixation can occur
• Issues with dependency or aggression
• Negative habits such as nail biting, smoking or thumb
sucking
 Questions
1. Give at least two (2) problems that you
could derive from the case scenario
related to Mateo’s growth and
development
 PROBLEMS:
Possible Dehydration due to diarrhea
Fever
Malnourishment manifested by loss of
appetite and being underweight
 Other Problems: Psychological
Abandonment → Childhood trauma

Childhood trauma is correlated with poor

developmental, behavioral and health outcomes.
 Other Problems: Psychological

Abandonment → Maternal Deprivation → Developmental

delay

• infant’s lack of warm relationship

• the mother or her substitute cannot give
love and care even though the infant lives
with her
 Other Problems: Psychological
• emotionally isolated from
the
• adults and activity
restricted
• poor motor development
and
• lose weight
• altered sleep pattern
• rigid facial expression
• poor resistance/contracts
infection readily
• period of depression
occurs
• critical change in infant’s
life
• depressed, cries, sad,
withdrawn
• refuses to eat and may
lose weight
• delay in the response to
the parents
• suffers anorexia and
sleep disturbance
• shows signs of retarded
mental development
 Other problems:
Psychological
• Oral and emotional deprivation
→ Failure to thrive

Failure to thrive (FTT) results from

inadequate usable calories necessary for a
child’s metabolic and growth demands.
 Other Problems: Psychological
• Inadequate weight for corrected
• age,
• weight for height,
• and body mass index,
• as well as failure to gain adequate weight over a
period of time