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• The excess density of electrons Δn and holes Δp is equal since the injected
carriers are created and recombined in pairs such that charge neutrality is
maintained.
∆n= ∆n(0)exp(-t/τ)
where Δn(0) is the initial injected excess electron density
• τ represents the total carrier recombination lifetime.
• Δn is only a small fraction of the majority carriers and comprises all of the
minority carriers.
• The LED internal quantum efficiency ηint, can be defined as the ratio of the
radiative recombination rate to the total recombination rate,
• In terms of wavelength