Phase Diagram

Heating and Cooling Curves

A.SAM DANIEL FENNY

Asst Prof/ Dept of Mechanical Engineering,
KCG College of Technology
 Things that happen as we heat a
sample up.

 Solid  Liquid  Gas

 Melting, Evaporating
 Increase in entropy
 Heating Curve

 The heating curve is a graph which represents

how a sample changes phases. As heat is
added over time, the sample changes
temperature and phase accordingly. Thus
heating curve.
Parts of heating Curve
Contd…
Contd…
flat Curve-Fusion Heat &
Vaporization Heat
 This is called the heat of
fusion (Hf) in segment
BC and heat of
vaporization (Hv) in
segment DE.
 Remember fusion is
melting and vaporization
is evaporation
 What is heat of fusion? What is heat
of vaporization?
 Hf is the amount of
energy needed to
completely make a
solid into a liquid
 Hv is the amount of
energy needed to
completely make a
liquid into a gas
 Solidification(cooling) curves
Pure metal Alloy

P
L Soldification
L
begins
TL
L S L+S
Tm
R TS
Q Solidification
S S
complete

Time Time
Microstructural changes during solidification
Pure metal
L
T

L
S

L S
Tm

t
Microstructural changes during solidification
Alloy
L
T

TL
L+S

TS
S
S

t
 Construction of a simple phase diagram-
Binary System
(Cu-Ni Equilibrium Phase Diagram)
 Conduct an experiment
 Take 10 metal samples(pure Cu, Cu-10%Ni, Cu-
20%Ni, Cu-30%Ni………, pure Ni)
 Melt each sample and then let it solidify
 Record the cooling curves
 Note temperatures at which phase
transformations occur
Result

• Cu melting Pt- 1084 ⁰C

• Ni Melting Pt- 1455 ⁰ C
T
Results L
L S
L
L TL
L TL TNi
L+S

L S L+S

TS Pure Ni
S
TCu S TS S
Cu-20%Ni
Pure Cu
Cu-10%Ni

t
 Binary isomorphous phase diagram
Temp L
x x x x TNi
x x x
x
x L+S x
x x
x x
TCu x x x x
x x
Cu

S
Ni

0 100
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Cu %Ni Ni
Composition
 PHASE DIAGRAMS-Interpretation

• Tell us about phases as function of T, P, Co

• For this course:

--binary systems: just 2 components.
--independent variables: T and Co (P = 1 atm is always used)
• Phase Diagram for Cu-Ni system

• Isomorphous system: i.e., complete solubility of one

component in another
 PHASE DIAGRAM: types of phases
• Rule 1: If we know T and Co, then we know:
--the types of phases

• Examples:
A: phase (α)

B: phases (L +α )

Cu-Ni
phase
diagram
 PHASE DIAGRAMS: composition of phases
• Rule 2: If we know T and Co, then we know:
--the composition of each phase. Cu-Ni
Examples: system

 C0 = 35 wt% Ni
 At 1300 C:
 Only liquid (L)
 CL = C0 (= 35 wt% Ni)
 At 1150 C:
 Only solid (α)
 Cα = C0 (= 35 wt% Ni)
 At TB:
 Both α and L
 CL = Cliquidus (= 32 wt% Ni)
 C α = Csolidus (=43 wt% Ni)
 PHASE DIAGRAMS: weight fractions of phases
• Rule 3: If we know T and Co, then we know:
--the amount of each phase (given in wt%). Cu-Ni
system
• C0 = 35 wt% Ni
• At 1300 C:
– Only liquid (L)
– WL = 100 wt%, Wα= 0 wt%
• At 1150 C:
– Only solid (α)
– WL = 0 wt%, Wα = 100 wt%
• At TB:
– Both α and L
– WL = S/(R+S) =
(43-35)/(43-32) = 73 wt%
– Wα = R/(R+S) =
(35-32)/(43-32) = 27 wt%
The lever rule 20
 THE LEVER RULE:

• A geometric interpretation:
 Binary phase Diagram

 Binary Phase diagram may be classified as

1. Eutectic phase diagram
2. Eutectoid Phase Diagram
3. Peritectic phase Diagram
4. Peritectoid Phase Diagram
 Phase Diagram-partial Solid Solubility
Binary-Eutectic Systems
• Many alloy systems are based on only two elements.
• A good example is the lead(Pb)-tin(Sn) system, which is
used for soldering but because of the toxicity of Pb, it is
now being replaced with other Sn alloys.
 Solid Solution Alloys
• A single phase solid solution forms during solidification.
• If the two metals A and B are not completely soluble
through all ranges in composition, then second phase will
form at grain boundaries.
• Examples: 1. copper Silver(Cu- Ag )
2. Lead-Tin (Pb-Sn)
3. Aluminium-Copper ( Al-Cu)
Binary-Eutectic Alloy(Pb-Sn)

Liquidus
A

TE B
E
G

Eutectic point

CE
 Interpretation
 Example : Pb-Sn  Introduction of metal B decreases
the melting temp of metal A along
3 Single phase regions the liquidus line AE.
 Liquid(L)  Addition of metal A decreases the
 Solid Soln (α)- A solvent & B- melting temp of metal B along the
solute, line FE.
 Solid Soln (β)-A Solute & B  Thus two liquidus lines melt at the
solvent point E. (Eutectic Point)
3 Double Phase Regions  Corresponding temp (TE) and
 α+ L Composition (CE) is know as
 β+L eutectic temp and Eutectic
 α +β composition.
 TE is the minimum temperature at
which the binary system is fully melted.
 1.Eutectic reaction

 When liquid of eutectic composition is slowly cooled

to the eutectic temperature, the single liquid phase
transforms into two solid forms ( solid soln α and
Solid Soln β). This transformation is know as eutectic
reaction.

Eutectic temp
 Liquid α solid soln + β Solid Soln
Cooling
 2.Eutectoid Reaction

 Eutectoid reaction is an isothermal reversible reaction

in which one solid phase transforms into two
intimately mixed new solid phase, upon cooling
g a + b (TE, Cg=CE)
Solid 1 Solid 2 Solid 3
 The Eutectoid Phase Diagram (Fe-C)
Liquidus
g a+b Solidus
T Solvus

g (Austentie)

910 C
b+ g (g +Fe3C)
a+ g TE b
a
E
723 C

a+b (a+ Fe3C)

CE

A Wt% Carbon B

g (Austenite) a iron(ferrite) + Fe3C (cementite)

 3.Peritectic Reaction

 Peritectic reaction is a reaction where a solid phase

and liquid phase will together form a second solid
phase at a particular temperature and composition.

a+L b (at TP)

Cooling
 4.Peritectoid Reaction

 Peritectoid reaction is an isothermal reversible

reaction in which two solid phases transforms into a
third solid phase upon cooling.
a+b γ (at Tp)
Cooling

 Examples: Ni-Zn, Fe-Nb (niobium), Cu-Sn