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Khilafat Movement

The early Ottoman Empire (16th-17th century)

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 Background
 Muslims of India had an emotional
attachment with Caliphate.
 They considered Ottoman Empire as their
Caliphate.
 Sultan of Turkey was considered as
Ameer-ul-Momneen by Indian Muslims as
they did not have their own identity and
always saw towards ottoman Caliph

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 European powers curtail the Turkish
Empire by occupying Eastern Thrace,
Constantinople and the straits in Balkan
wars in 1912-13.
 Turkey joined Germans in 1st World War
to avenge the European Powers.
 Sympathies of Indian Muslims were
with Turkey.

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 Germany Lost the War.
 The British hoped to neutralize the status
of the Caliph and the right of the Turks to
their homeland.
 The Peace settlement and the Treaty of
Severs broke of the Ottoman Empire and
reduced Sultan to the status of Vassal
Prince.
 Muslim Holy Places were placed under the
hold of Allied Forces.
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  Holy Prophet had bidden the Muslims
with dying breath never to surrender the
Jazirat-ul-Arab(Arabia,Iraq,Syria and
Palestine) to any non-Muslim
government.
 Johar argued that for Muslims to accept
mandate over Iraq, Syria and Palestine
would amount to a total disregard of the
wishes of the Prophet(PBUH).
 A movement was launched in Sub-
Continent to save the Ottoman Empire.

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 Majlis-i-Khilafatwas made by traders in
Bombay in 1919.
 Muslim Conference’s meeting held in
Lucknow and decided to make it mass
scale movement.
 Seth Jaan Muhammad Chhutani elected
president.
 Muslims Of India launched this movement
to fight Turkey’s battle from India though
they were thousands of miles from Turkey.
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 Objectives
 To maintain the Turkish caliphate
 To protect the Holy Places of the
Muslims
 To maintain the unity of the Ottoman
Empire

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 Riots started in Amritsar in April 1919
followed by Jalianwala Bagh tragedy on
April13,1919 killing 379 people.
 In1920 terms of Treaty of severs were
announced caused deep resentment
among Muslims.
 In June, 90 Muslim leaders wrote to
viceroy about their non-cooperation with
government from August if terms of treaty
were not revised , but that was of no use.
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 Muslim Conference and Congress both
were demanding the Independence of
India.
 Congress leaders decided to cooperate
with Muslims in the time of need.
 A Meeting held and decided to cooperate
each other un-conditionally and to send a
delegation to viceroy and to England to
explain the matter.
 Non-cooperation movement was started in
1920.
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 Khilafat Delegation to England

 Khilafat delegation visited England under

leadership of Moulana Muhammad Ali
johar and met to Prime Minister Lloyd
George, but he gave a cold shoulder and
delegation met failure.

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 Hijrat Movement
 Jamiyat Ulema-i-Hind proposed that when a
land is not safe for Islam, a Muslim has two
options-Jihad or Hijrat.
 Fatwa was signed by 925 prominent Ulemas
 May be idea was originated by Maulana Abul
Kalam Azad.
 Hundreds of Families sold their properties and
migrated towards Afghanistan, but were not
allowed to enter in the premises of the state.
 This was a tragic event as Thousands of Muslim
Families suffered.
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 Major Events
 In 1921,Moplah uprising,4000 were killed
and tens of thousands were injured.
 Moplah train tragedy,66 were killed.
 Hindu-Muslim communal riots particularly
in Multan and Bengal.
 Arrest of Ali brethren in sep.1921.
 Feb 1922,Chaura Chauri incident, 21
policemen killed.

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 Gandhi called off the whole movement
making an excuse that the National
Volunteers were responsible for the
murder of policemen.
 A sever blow to Khilafat Movement. When
in 1924 Turks announced an end to
Khilafat and made a new government.
 Khilafat conference and committee died
down in a short time and there was
nothing but the name remained

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 Movement failed to achieve its objectives
but carried to political awakening to
Muslims.
 Made clear to Indian Muslims neither to
trust the British nor the Hindus.
 Movement was a sever blow to All India
Muslim League’s popularity.

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