STEEL BRIDGES

Prof. S R Satish Kumar

Department of Civil Engineering
IIT Madras, Chennai 600 036.

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 1

 STEEL BRIDGES

• Introduction
• Classification
• Loads & load combinations
• Analysis and design
• Plate girder bridges
• Truss bridges
• Summary

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 2

 INTRODUCTION
Advantages of Steel Bridges
Dead Load to Live Load Ratio is Lower
Longer spans, Lesser pier and foundation cost
Lesser Construction Depth
Lesser cost of embankment and piers
Rapid Construction
Lower cost of money, Lesser disruption of traffic
Better Performance
Under fatigue, seismic load, impact load, blast load
Longer Life
Lower Life Cycle Cost

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 3

 CLASSIFICATION

Type of Traffic
Pedestrian, Railway, Highway, Rail cum Road
Type of Material
Pure steel, Hybrid or Steel-concrete Composite
Type of Main Structural System
Beam, Girder, Truss, Arch, Stayed, Suspended
Position of Carriage way
Deck type, Through type, Semi-through type

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 4

TYPES OF BRIDGES AND SPAN RANGES
Type of
Bridge Span Ranges (meters)
Cable
suspended
bridge
Cable
stayed
bridge
Arch Bridge

Truss
Bridge

Girder
Bridges

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

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 MAIN STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
Girder Bridge
Plate Girder Orthotropic Deck
Box Girder
Truss Girder Composite Deck
Truss Bridges
Arch Bridges
Cable Stayed Bridges
Cable Suspended Bridges

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 6

 Basic Issues in Bridge Design
• Functionality, Clearance to traffic, water
etc.
• Cost
• Method of Construction and erection
• Environmental issues

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 7

 Design Issues in Bridge Design
• Moving loads and Influence lines
• Fatigue Considerations

• Indeterminate structures
• Geometric non-linearity due to cable sag

• Wind and earthquake forces

• Construction Methods and erection loads

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 8

 1

0.2
1


0.2

(a) ILD for shear at 1-1

0.8

4/25

(b) ILD for bending moment at 1-1

Fig. 12 Influence lines for shear and bending moment

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 9

 U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7

L0 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8
x L @ 8 X l panels

(a) ILD for U3U4

(+)

(-)

(b) ILD for U3L4

(c) ILD for U3L3

Fig. 14 Typical shapes of influence lines

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 10

 PLATE GIRDER BRIDGE
13m up to 100m

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 11

 PLATE GIRDER BRIDGE

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 12

 Types of Plate Girders
• Unstiffened Plate Girder

web plate flange plates

• Transversely Stiffened Plate Girder

ITS
BS

• Transversely and Longitudinally Stiffened Plate

Girder

LS

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 SHEAR RESISTANCE OF
STIFFENED GIRDER
Shear resistance of a web
• Pre-buckling behaviour (Stage 1)
– Requirements of equilibrium in an element inside a
square web plate subject to a shear stress result in
generation of complementary shear stresses

– This results in element being subjected to principal

compression along one diagonal and tension along
the other

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Prof.
SR
Shear resistance of a web - 1
q
A B

E q

45o
D
C
q
Unbuckled Shear panel
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Prof.
SR
BUCKLING OF WEB PLATES IN SHEAR

cr

Shear buckling of a plate

16 Prof. S
R
Satish
Shear resistance of a web - 2

– As the applied loading is incrementally enhanced,

plate will buckle along direction of compressive
diagonal - corresponding shear stress in plate
is“critical shear stress”

– Critical shear stress in such a case is given by

2
 2E t
qcr  k s  
12 1   2   d 
 

– Boundary conditions assumed to be simply

supported

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Prof.
SR
Shear resistance of a web - 3

• shear buckling coefficient (ks) given by

2
d  c
k s  5.35  4   where  1, i.e. for wide panels
c d

2
d  c
k s  5.35    4 where  1, i.e. for webs with closely
c d
spaced transverse stiffeners

18 c Prof.
SR
 BOX GIRDER BRIDGE
Better Torsional Resistance

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 19

 BOX GIRDER BRIDGE

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 20

 BOX GIRDER BRIDGE

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 21

 BOX GIRDER BRIDGE

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 BOX GIRDER BRIDGE (Composite Deck)

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 TRUSS BRIDGE (suspended central span)

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 TRUSS BRIDGE (continuous span)

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 TRUSS BRIDGE (sloping chord)

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 TRUSS BRIDGE (Bailey Bridge)

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 TRUSS BRIDGE

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 TRUSS BRIDGE (connection gusset)

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 Composite Trusses
Shear studs Concrete deck slab

Top Chord

Web Diagonals

Steel truss
Bottom Chord

• trusses acting in composite with concrete slab

• Can be used for much larger spans or heavier loads
• Eg. Sardar Vallabhai Patel Flyover on Eastern
Express Highway, Mumbai

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Madras
 Sardar Patel Flyover, Mumbai

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Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
 ARCH BRIDGE

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras

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 CABLE SUSPENDED BRIDGE

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 CABLE SUSPENDED BRIDGE

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 CABLE STAYED BRIDGE

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 Bandra-Worli Sea Link

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Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT
Madras
Footover Bridge at Pune

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Composite Twin Box Girder
Bridge 436 m
Steel used 2500 MT

Prof. S
38 R
Satish
 Signature Bridge, Delhi

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 Aldona, Goa

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Aldona, Goa

41 Prof. S
R
Satish
 Munger and Patna
Rail-cum-road bridges

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 Pamban Bridge,
Rameshwaram, India

• Constructed in 1914,
• Bascule Type, Hand-operated
• Retrofitted in 2007 for broad gauge
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Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
Corrugated Web

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 Loads
• Dead Load – including DL of permanent way
• Live Load
• Dynamic Effects
• Forces due to curvature or Eccentricity
• Temperature Effects
• Frictional Resistance of Expansion Bearings
• Longitudinal Force
• Racking Force
• Forces on Parapets
• Wind Pressure Effects
• Earthquake Forces
• Erection Forces and Effects
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Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
 Live Loads
• Modified Broad Gauge (MBG)
– Axle load of 245.2 kN for loco
– Train load of 80.9 kN/m on either side of
loco
– EUDLs specified in appendix

• Foot Path including Dynamic

Amplification
– Railways 4.8 kPa
– Roadways 4.07 kPa 46
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
 Coeff. Of Dynamic Augument
• 2.4.1 Steel Bridge (CDA)
– Single Track
CDA = 0.15 + 8/(6+L)
L = Loaded span for main girders
L = 1.5 * Cross-girder spacing for stringers
L = 2.5 * Cross-girder spacing for cross-girders
– Multiple Track
Main girders:
CDA = 0.72 * single track CDA value
More than two girders:
Inners Girder
CDA = 0.6 * single track CDA value
Exterior Girders
CDA = CDA of single track or 0.72 * CDA of single track
• 2.4.2 RC Bridge
– Same as steel bridge for L  25 m
• Modification factor for Ballasted tracks
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Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
 Forces Due to Curvature &
Eccentricity
Horizontal Force:
1.83 m BG
C = W v2 / (12. 95 R)
1.45 m MG
C= Centrifugal force kN/m
W = Equivalent UDL
V = Maximum speed in kN/m

Case (i) Train Running at full speed (outer

girder)
Case (ii) Train standing still at 0.5 CDA
(Inner Girder)
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
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 3.3 Primary and Secondary Stresses
• Secondary stresses due to
1) connection eccentricities and member loads
2) rigid connections in trusses
3.3.6 assume 2) above as 16.7% of axial loads due
to DL + LL + IL

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 3.6 Fluctuations of Stresses (Fatigue)
• All members to be designed for 10 million
cycles.
• Stresses to be taken as in Appendix G
(or use IS 800:2007)
• Rivets or bolts to be designed for
Pmax+0.5*Pmin instead of fatigue effects

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras

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 4.16 Camber and 4.17 Deflection

• Beams and Plate Girder spans upto 35 m

need not be cambered
• For trusses (open web girders) track
should become straight under DL + 0.75 LL

• Max deflection = L/600

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras

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 5 Solid Web Girders (Plate
Girders)
• b/t and d/t limitations to prevent local
buckling of compression flange and shear
buckling of web.
• Requirements of stiffeners also specified
• Lateral-torsional buckling also to be
considered
• Splices in flanges and webs and lateral
bracing
• Use clauses given in IS 800: 2007 for the
above
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Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
 6 Open web Girders
• Design requirements for tension and
compression members including lacing
and battening as well as connections are
given.
• Sway and Portal Bracing Requirements
50%

7 Riveting, Bolting and Welding 53

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
 SUMMARY
• Different types of Bridge systems are
economical over different span
lengths
• Details of common bridge systems
were discussed
• An example of truss type bridge was
presented
• Details of railway bridge rules and
steel bridge code were presented.

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras

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