MDB3033-HEAT TRANSFER

Heat Transfer Mechanism

Dr. Khairul Habib

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Room: 19-03-05
Phone: 05-368-7146
khairul.habib@utp.edu.my
Lesson outcome

At the end of this class student should be able to:

• Understand the basic mechanisms of heat transfer, which
are conduction, convection, and radiation.
• Understand and apply Fourier's law of heat conduction,
Newton's law of cooling, and the Stefan–Boltzmann law of
radiation.
 Heat transfer mechanism
• Heat can be transferred in three different modes:
Conduction, Convection and Radiation.
 Conduction
• More energetic particles  adjacent
less energetic ones.
• Heat transfer through solids or
stationary fluids is purely by
conduction.
• In solids, heat transfer by conduction
is due to vibrations of molecules and
flow of free electrons.
• In gases and liquids, conduction is
due to collisions and diffusion of
molecules during their random
motions.
 Conduction
Heat transfer by conduction can be classified as:
• Steady state: The temperature relatively constant
with time.
• Transient state: The temperature is still changing
with time.
 Conduction

Q will depend on?

 Conduction
Rate of heat conduction:
(Fourier’s law of heat conduction)

 T2  T1 T T1  T2
Qcond  kA  kA  kA (W)
x x x
Negative sign indicate heat is always transferred in the direction of
decreasing temperature (high temperature to low temperature)

k  Thermal conductivity of material (W/m  K or W/m  C)

A  Surface area of heat transfer
T1 , T2  Temperature in and out (K or C)
x  Material thickness (m)
 Conduction
Fourier’s law of heat conduction:
T
Q cond  kA (W)
x
Thermal conductivity, k: A measure of the ability of a
material to conduct heat.
Temperature gradient dT/dx: The slope of the
temperature curve on a T-x diagram.

The temperature gradient becomes

negative when temperature
decreases with increasing x.

A represents the area

normal to the direction Q  k
of heat transfer.
 Conduction
Thermal conductivity:
Material k, W/mC
Diamond 2300
Silver 429
Copper 401 Heat
conductor
Gold 317
Aluminum 237
Iron 80.2
or Glass 0.78
Water 0.607
Heat
Wood (Oak) 0.17 insulator
Soft rubber 0.13
Air 0.026
 Conduction
Example:
During the hot season in Tronoh, a window made of glass is exposed to
the hot sunrise. A constant temperature of 45C is recorded at the outer
surface of the window while the inner surface temperature is maintained
at 20C by air conditioning system. The windows is 2-m  2-m with
thickness of 0.8 cm. Thermal conductivity of glass is 0.78.
a) Determine the rate of heat transfer from outer surface to the inner
surface of the windows
b) If the air conditioning system has COP of 2.5 and cost of electricity
RM0.12/kWh, estimate the cost of heat transfer through the windows
per hour
 Conduction
Example:
A 2-m  2-m glass windows with thickness of 0.8 cm is exposed to the hot
sunrise. Outer surface temperature 45C and inner surface temperature 20C.
Thermal conductivity of glass is 0.78.
a) Determine the rate of heat transfer from outer surface to the inner surface
of the windows
b) If the air conditioning system has COP of 2.5 and cost of electricity RM
0.12/kWh, estimate the cost of heat transfer through the windows
Solution:
T T
 
a) Q cond  kA 2 1  0.78 W/m  C  4 m 2
20C - 45C  9750 W
x 8 10-3 m
Q 9750 W
b) Welectric  cond   3900 W  3.9 kW
COP 2.5
for 1 hour
Eelectric  3.9 kWh
The corresponding cost will be RM 0.468/hour
 Convection
Convection: Heat transfer
between a solid surface and
the adjacent liquid or gas
that is in motion
It involves the combined
effects of conduction and
fluid motion.
The faster the fluid motion,
the greater the convection
heat transfer.
When no fluid motion, heat
transfer between a solid
surface and the adjacent Heat transfer from a hot surface to air
fluid is by pure conduction. by convection.
 Convection
Forced convection: If the
fluid is forced to flow over
the surface by external
means such as a fan,
pump, or the wind.
Natural (or free)
convection: If the fluid
motion is caused by
buoyancy forces that are
induced by density
differences due to the
variation of temperature in The cooling of a boiled egg by forced
the fluid. and natural convection.
 Convection
Q conv  hAs Ts  T  (W) (Newton’s law of cooling)
h  Convection heat transfer coefficient (W/m 2  K )
As  Surface area through which heat transfer takes place
Ts  Surface temperature (K)
T  Temperature of fluid far from the surface (K)

h is not a property of the fluid.

It is determined experimentally
and it depends on:
- the surface geometry
- the nature of fluid motion
- the properties of the fluid
- the bulk fluid velocity
 Radiation
• The energy emitted by matter in the form of electromagnetic
waves (or photons).
• It does not require an intervening medium.
• Radiation is fastest (at the speed of light) in a vacuum. This is
how the energy of the sun reaches the earth.
• we are interested in thermal radiation, which is radiation
emitted by bodies because of their temperature.
• All bodies at a temperature above absolute zero emit thermal
radiation.
 Radiation
(Stefan-Boltzman Law)
Q emit,max  AsTs4 (W) Black body
Q  A T 4 (W) Real body
emit s s

 is Stefan-Boltzman constant (5.67010-8

W/m2K4)

Q absorbed  Q incident (W)


Q rad  As Ts4  Tsurr
4

(W)

Radiation heat transfer between a

surface and the surfaces surrounding it.
Emissivity  : A measure of how closely
a surface approximates a blackbody for
which  = 1 of the surface. 0   1.
Radiation
 Simultaneous heat transfer
• Heat transfer is only by conduction in
opaque solids, but by conduction and
radiation in semitransparent solids.
• In a still fluid (no motion), heat transfer is
by conduction and possibly by radiation
• Heat transfer in a flowing fluid by
convection and radiation.
• Heat transfer through a vacuum is by
radiation.

Although there are three mechanisms of heat transfer,

a medium may involve only two of them
simultaneously.
 Simultaneous heat transfer
When radiation and convection occur simultaneously between a surface and
a gas:

Q total  hcombined As Ts  T  (W)

Combined heat transfer coefficient hcombined includes the effects of both

convection and radiation.

 
Q total  Q conv  Q rad  hconv As Ts  Tsurr   As Ts4  Tsurr
4
(W)
Q total  hcombined As Ts  Tsurr  (W)

hcombined  hconv  hrad  hconv  As Ts  Tsurr  Ts2  Tsurr
2

 Simultaneous heat transfer
Example: Problem 1-137
A soldering iron has a cylindrical tip of 2.5 mm in diameter and 20
mm in length. With age and usage, the tip has oxidized and has
an emissivity of 0.80. Assuming that the average convection heat
transfer coefficient over the soldering iron tip is 25 W/m2.K, and
the surrounding air temperature is 20ºC, determine the power
required to maintain the tip at 400ºC.
Example: Problem 1-137
A soldering iron has a cylindrical tip of 2.5 mm in diameter and 20 mm in length. With
age and usage, the tip has oxidized and has an emissivity of 0.80. Assuming that the
average convection heat transfer coefficient over the soldering iron tip is 25 W/m2.K,
and the surrounding air temperature is 20ºC, determine the power required to maintain
the tip at 400ºC.
Solution:
• The total heat transfer area of the soldering iron tip is
As  0.25D 2  DL
   
 0.25 2.5 10 3 m   2.5 10 3 m 2.0 10  2 m
2

 1.62 10  4 m 2
• The rate of heat transfer by convection is
Q conv  hAs Ttip  T 
  
 25 W/m 2  K 1.62 10  4 m 2 673 K  293 K 
 1.54 W
• The rate of heat transfer by radiation is
Q rad  As Ttip4  Tsurr
4

  
 0.80  5.67 10 8 W/m 2  K 4 1.62 10  4 m 2 673 K   293 K 
4 4

 1.45 W
• Thus, the power required is equal to the total rate of heat transfer from the tip by both
convection and radiation: Welectric  Q total  Q conv  Q rad  1.54 W  1.45 W  2.98 W
 Simultaneous heat transfer
Example: Problem 1-139
Consider a flat-plate solar collector placed at the roof of a house.
The temperatures at the inner and outer surfaces of glass cover
are measured to be 33°C and 31°C, respectively. The glass cover
has a surface area of 2.5 m2, a thickness of 0.6 cm, and a thermal
conductivity of 0.7 W/m·°C.
Heat is lost from the outer surface of
the cover by convection and radiation
with a convection heat transfer
coefficient of 10 W/m2·°C and an
ambient temperature of 15°C.
Determine the fraction of heat lost
from the glass cover by radiation.
Example: Problem 1-137
Consider a flat-plate solar collector placed at the roof of a house. The temperatures at
the inner and outer surfaces of glass cover are measured to be 33°C and 31°C,
respectively. The glass cover has a surface area of 2.5 m2, a thickness of 0.6 cm, and a
thermal conductivity of 0.7 W/m·°C. Heat is lost from the outer surface of the cover by
convection and radiation with a convection heat transfer coefficient of 10 W/m2·°C and
an ambient temperature of 15°C. Determine the fraction of heat lost from the glass cover
by radiation.
Solution:
• Conduction rate of heat transfer through the glass is
Q cond  kA
T

 0.7 W/m  K  2.5 m 2
306 K  304 K   583 W
 
L 6 10 3 m 
• Convection rate of heat transfer is
  
Q conv  hAs Ttip  T   10 W/m 2  K 2.5 m 2 304 K  288 K   400 W

• The heat transferred through the cover by conduction should be transferred from the
outer surface by convection and radiation. That is,
Q rad  Q cond  Q conv  583 W  400 W  183 W
• Then, the fraction of heat transferred by radiation is
Q rad 183 W
f     0.314 or 31.4 %
Qcond 583 W
 Summary
• Fourier’s law of heat conduction.

 T2  T1 T T1  T2
Qcond  kA  kA  kA (W)
x x x
• Newton’s law of cooling
Q conv  hAs Ts  T  (W)

• Stefan-Boltzman Law
Q emit,max  AsTs4 (W)


Q rad  As Ts4  Tsurr
4

(W)
 Exercise

Study Examples 1-10, 1-11 and 1-13

solve Problems 1-25, 1-55 and 1-105.