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k c
2
n
2 n d n 1 2
m m
Structural Vibration
• Forced Vibration
mxt cxt kxt Fe t
• Solution
nt n xo xo nt
xt xo e cos d t e sin d t
n 1 2
n x p 0 xp 0 nt
p
x t x p 0 e nt
cos d t e sin d
t
n 1 2
nt n xo xo nt
xt xo e cos d t e sin d t
1 2
n x p 0 xp 0 nt
xp t xp 0e cos d t sin d t
nt
e
1 2
Structural Vibration
• Steady State Forcing Function
Fe t Fo sin o t
• Solution
Fo
xss t k 2
r cos t 1
r 2
sin ot
1 r 2r
2 2 2 o
Fo o
x ss t k 1
r 2
cos o t 2r sin o t
1 r
2 2
2r
2
Human Perception
• Human Response
– Present: Not perceived
– Perceived: Does not annoy
– Perceived: Annoys and disturbs
– Perceived: Severe enough to cause illness
• Peak acceleration limits
Situation Building in Public Building in Amusement
Strong Wind Transportation Earthquake Park Ride
F t P1 i
cos2if stept i
P = Person’s weight
i = Dynamic coefficient for the
harmonic force
i = Harmonic multiple (1, 2, 3…)
fstep = Step frequency of activity
t = time
i = Phase angle for the harmonic
Pedestrian Bridge Response
• Lateral Vibration
AVOID RESONACE!
Design Guidelines
• Natural Frequency
stiffness g
f
2 mass 2
a max 4 f y s KY
2
o
2
British Design Guidelines
a max 4 f y s KY
2
o
2
Design Guidelines
• Natural Frequency (Vertical Vibration)
– Limiting values
– AASHTO
– British Code (1978 BS 5400)
– AISC/CISC Steel Design Guide Series 11
ap Po e 0.35 f o < 1.5% (Indoor walkways)
g W < 5.0% (Outdoor bridges)
Response to Sinusoidal Force
Resonance response function
Equivalent panel
weight
Design Guidelines
• Natural Frequency (Lateral Vibration)
– Step frequency ½ vertical
– 1996 British Standard BS 6399
• 10% vertical load
– Per ARUP research
• f > 1.3 Hz
– Rule of thumb
• Lateral limits ½ vertical limits
Design Guidelines
• Stiffening
– Uneconomical
– Unsightly
• Damping
– Inherent damping < 1%
– Mechanical damping devices
Damping
• Coulomb Damping
Fd mx kx
Fd Fd
x xo cos t
k k
Fd
xt xo 2
k
Damping
• Viscous Damping
xt x max e t
sin d t
1 1
ln
1 2 2n
1 1
ln
2n
FD c x
45
40
35
30
Damping Force
25 Linear
Fast Rise
20 Slow Rise
15
10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Velocity
Dampers
Tuned mass damper
1 m
s
2 M
Ex) Consider mass ratio = 0.01
s = 0.05 (5% damping)
Dampers
Viscoelastic Dampers
Dampers
Tuned Liquid Dampers
Case Study: Millennium Bridge
• Crosses River Thames, London, England
• 474’ main span, 266’ north span, 350’
south span