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 Dyes
&
Its Classification
• Dyes are organic colored compound imparting the color to
substrates like hair, drugs, paint, paper, wax etc.
• These are colored because absorbs the visible light at certain
wavelength.
• All colored compound are not dyes but dyes are colored.

Basic requirments for dye:

Dyes are usually soluble in water.
Ability to impart the color.
Ability to standing with washing, drying, cleaning or exposure
to light.
They should be chemically stable.
Dyes should be absorbed and retained to material to be dyed.
 Chromophore and Auxochrome theory
In 1876 Otto witt give the explain to the colored substance i.e
• Chromophore
All organic compound contain un-staurated functional
groups responsible for certain color. Compound containing Chromophore
we call it as chromogen. It attached to conjugated double bond system.
-N=N-(Azo ), NO2(Nitro), NO(Nitroso), C=O(Keto or carbonyl)
Queniod.
Ex. Acetone and methylnitrite colourless.

Diacetyl and Nitro Benzene are colored.

• Auxochromes or Deepners
Color assisting or intensify functional group doesn't produce
color itself but color depend on the chromogen. Atoms with
two or more lonepairs. It helps the chromogen to adhere to
textile fibre.i.e make color deep and fast to fix the dye to
fabric . If auxochromes absent that was not a dye.
Types of auxochromes
• Acidic -- hydroxyl(–OH), sulphonic(-SO3H), carboxyl(-COOH).
• Basic-- amino(-NH2), alkylamino(-NHR), NHR2, NR3.
• Nitrobenzene is pale yellow but p- nitro phenol bright
yellow colored.
Classification of dyes :

Natural dyes
Dyes obtained from the palnts like leaves, root, bark etc.
and animals.
Ex- Alizarin ( Madder plant), Indigo dyeI.
Cochineal(Insect).
Carmine red.
Synthetic dyes
Artificially man made dyes, these classified based on
preence of Chromophore and Application of dyes.
• Based on Chromophore
1.Nitro and Nitroso dyes
Nitro and Nitroso as primary Chromophore.
Ex. Picric acid and mordant yellow.
2. Azo dyes
Azo group as primary Chromophore.
Ex. Congo red and methyl orange.

3.Triarylmetahne dyes.
Central carbon attached to 3 aromatic rings.
One is in quenoid form.
Ex. Malachite green and phenolphthalein.

4.Anthroquinone dye.
p-quinoid as Chromophore.
Ex. Alizarin.

5.Indigo dyes
Carbonyl group as Chromophore.
Ex.Indigo.
3.Mordant dyes
Insoluble in water.
Mordant are the substance binds the dyes on fabrics form a
lake or coordination complex then attach to fabrics.
Mordant are oxides of Al, Fe, Tannic acid, Sn, Cr etc.
Used as stains in cell and tissue preparation.
Ex. Alizarin.
4 . Azoic dyes
Insoluble in water
It contains coupling agent (water insoluble),diazo salts than
which bind to fabric. Dye the any type of cloths.
All Azo dyes.
Ex. Congo red , Bismark brown.
 5. Disperse dyes
Water insoluble but making certain fabric colored, this
applied in form of colloidal solution of dye in soap solution
in presence of some stabilizing agent such as phenol, cresol,
benzoic acid etc. The absorption into fabrics carried out at
high temperature and pressure.
Dying for Acetate Rayons,nylons.
Ex. 1-amino-4-hydroxy anthraquinone (celliton fast pink B)