BSNL

AN AN T K UMAR
RAI
REG. NO.- U05EC005 1
BSNL OBJECTIVES

 Describe the Cellular Concept

 Explain the GSM Access Network
 Explain the GSM Core Network
 Explain the GPRS Core Network

2
BSNL
Communication - Mobile

Inter-Exchange
Subscriber
Junction
Line
(2W)

BSC BTS
MS

Telephone Mobile Switching

Exchange Centre (MSC)

3
 CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS
BSNL

WHAT IS A CELL ?
• A base station (transmitter) having a number of
RF channels is called a cell
• Each cell covers a a limited number of mobile
subscribers within the cell boundaries
( Coverage area)
• Typical Cell Radius Aprrox = 30 Km
(Start up), 1 KM (Mature)

4
BSNL A RADIO CELL

Voice
Channels Co
ve
are rage

Fo
a

Re

rw
ve

ar
d
rs

pa
ep

th
Lines to
Or ath MS
control
BSC channels

5
BSNL Fundamental problems

• Radio range, or coverage

• No. of channels, or voice circuits
• Full, seamless service coverage
• Large no. of subscribers in the range
of millions

6
BSNL
CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS

FERQUENCY SCARCITY PROBLEM

Tel 
Ex. 
WIRED NETWORK 
BW for Telephony speech:
3KHz increases to 25 KHz with FM for Radio Trans.
100,000 50 Khz = 5 Ghz (NOT POSSIBLE)

Hence Individual RF Loop is not extended

But a Common group of channels is shared 7
BSNL GSM Specifications
Carrier Separation -
200 kHz
Duplex Distance - 45
MHz
No. of RF Carriers - 124
Access Method - TDMA/FDMA

Modulation Method -
GMSK
Transmission Rate - 270.833
Kbps
Speech Coding - Full rate 13 Kbps
Half rate
6.5 Kbps
8
 GSM FDMA
BSNL
(Frequency Division Multiple Access

890 915 935 960

25 MHz 25 MHz
0 1 2 0 1 2

Mobile to Base Base to Mobile

(MHz)
890.2 890.4 890.6 935.2 935.4 935.6
200 kHz
200 kHz
45MHz
Channel layout and frequency bands of operation
9
 GSM TDMA
BSNL
(Time Division Multiple Access)

Amplitude

45 MHz

7 8 7 8
5 6 5 6
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
Frequency
F1 F2 F1’ F2’
(Cell Rx) (Cell transmit)

Typical TDMA/ FDMA frame structure

10
 BSNL FDMA/TDMA Scheme
T
IME

BP2
BP1
BP8
BURST
BP7
F
BP6
BP5 R
BP4 A
BP3 M
BP2
E
BP1 FREQ
890.2 890.6 891.0
890. 890.4 890.8 891.2 MHz
915.8
11
0
BSNL
GSM RF CHANNELS

LOGICAL CHANNELS
• USER INFORMATION( TRAFFIC)
• SIGNALLING INFORMATION (CONTROL)

12
BSNL
OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS
• Subscribers are not allocated dedicated channels
• TCH Allocated to users only when needed

• Hence IDLE MODE & DEDICATED MODE

• DEDICATED MODE
-- When a full Bi -directional P to P CHL
has been allocated during an established call
• IDLE MODE MODE
-- When MS is powered on (active)
without being in dedicated mode
13
 BSNL
Network Architecture
1 MSC=16 BSC
1 BSC=1024 TRU
OSS
HLR

B
PSTN
T
S ISDN

B
T
S BSC
BSC MSC VLR
Data
Networks
A Interface
B A-bis interface
T
S

Air interface MSC VLR

14
BSNL
GSM Network Structure
• GSM Service Area: Total area served by the
combination of all member countries where a mobile can
be served.
• PLMN Service Area: It is one N/W area.
• MSC Service Area: There can many MSC/VLR in one
PLMN area.It is one Mobile Exch. Area.
• GMSC: All I/C calls for PLMN N/W will be routed
through GMSC. In a GSM/PLMN N/W all mobile
terminated calls will be routed to a Gateway MSC. Call
connections between PLMNs , or to fixed N/Ws must be
routed to a GMSC.The GMSC contains the Inter working
functions to make these connections.
• Location Area
• Cells 15
BSNL
GSM Network Structure

LOCATION AREA : There are several LA in a

MSC/VLR combination. A LA is a part of the MSC/VLR
service area in which a MS may move freely without updating
location information to the MSC/VLR exchange that control
the LA. Within a LA a paging message is broadcast in order
to find the called mobile subs. LA can be identified by system
using the LAI.
CELL : A cell is an identity served by one BTS. The MS
distinguishes between cells using the BASE STATION
IDENTIFICATION CODE(BSIC) that the cell site broadcast
over the air.

16
 GSM
BSNL

PLMN Service Area

I
MSC/VLR

MSC/VLR
II

MSC/VLR

IV MSC/VLR III

17
 GSM
BSNL

MSC Service Area

LA 1 LA 2
LA 3

LA 6
LA 4
MSC/VLR
LA 5

18
 GSM
BSNL

Cells

C1

LA 1 LA 2 LA 3
C2 C6
C4
C5
C3
C7
LA 6
LA 4
MSC/VLR
LA 5
C = Cell

19
 GSM
BSNL

Relation between areas in GSM

CellArea
Location
Area served by a BTS
Location Area
MSC Service Area
PLMN Service Area
GSM Service Area

20
 GSM
BSNL

Functions of Mobile Station

• Voice and data transmission

• Frequency and time synchronization
• Monitoring of power and signal quality of
the surrounding cells
• Provision of location updates even during
inactive state
• Equalization of multi path distortions
21
 GSM
BSNL

Mobile Station

• Portable, vehicle mounted, hand held

• MS identified by unique IMEI(International Mobile Equipment
Identity)

• Shall display at least last ten received, dialled and

missed calls
• Minimum talk time of 1hr 30 min. and standby
time of 80 hrs
• 160 characters long SMS

22
 GSM
Mobile Identification Numbers
BSNL

• IMEI
• MSISDN
• IMSI

23
 GSM
BSNL

IMSI
• International mobile subscriber’s
Identity
• The IMSI is an unique identity which is
used internationally and used within the
network to identify the mobile subscribers.
• The IMSI is stored on the subscriber
identity module (SIM), the HLR, VLR and
AC database.
24
BSNL
RADIO SUB SYSTEM (RSS)

MSC/VLR

BSC BSC

BSC
RSS

n BTS n BTS
25
 GSM
FUNCTION OF BTS -I
BSNL

• Encodes, encrypts, multiplexes, modulates and

feeds the RF signals to the antenna
• Transcoding and rate adaption Functionality
• Time and frequency synchronisation signals
transmission.
• 11 power classes from .01 watts to 320 watts

26
 GSM
FUNCTION OF BTS -II
BSNL

• Frequency hopping

• Random access detection

• Uplink radio channel measurements

• BTS mainly consists of a set of transceivers

(TRX).

27
 GSM
FUNCTIONS OF BSC-I
BSNL

• It is connected to BTS and offloads MSC

• Radio resource management
• Inter-cell handover
• Reallocation of frequencies
• Power control

28
 GSM
FUNCTIONS OF BSC-II
BSNL

• Time delay measurement of the received signals

from MS with respect to BTS clock.

• Performs traffic concentration to reduce the

number of lines from BSC to MSC.

29
 GSM
FUNCTIONS OF BSC-III
BSNL

• BSC performs call processing

• TRAU are generally located at the site of MSC.
• BSC- BTS configurations as per requirement.
• Data from OMC and can be down loaded to BSC

30
 GSM
MSC-BSS Configurations
BSNL

Multi - cell site (sector Cells

Configuration -5 BTS
A
A
BSS
Single - cell site
Configuration -1

A BTS Many single

MSC BSS A-bis BTS BTS
cell sites

BSC BTS BTS

A-bis

BTS Multi - cell site =

MCC: Mobile Switching Centre Configuration -6
multi--BTS site
BSS: Base Station System
BSC: Base Station Controller
BTS: Base Transceiver Station

31
BSNL
GSM
MSC ( MOBILE SWITCHING CENTRE)

• Manages communication between GSM & other

network
• Call setup functions, basic switching are done
• MSC takes into account the RR allocation in
addition to normal exchange functions
• MSC does gateway function while its customers
roams to other network by using HLR /VLR

32
 GSM
BSNL

MSC Functions - I

• Paging, specifically call handling

• Location updation

• Handover management

• Billing for all subscribers based in its area

• Reallocation of frequencies to BTSs in its area

to meet heavy demands

33
 GSM
BSNL

MSC Functions - II

 Echo canceller operation control

 Signaling interface to databases like HLR,
VLR.
 Gateway to SMS between SMS centers and
subscribers
 Handle interworking function while
working as GMSC

34
 GSM
BSNL

VISITOR LOCATION REGISTER (VLR)-I

• It controls those mobiles roaming in its area.

• VLR reduces the number of queries to HLR
• One VLR may be incharge of one or more LA.
• VLR is updated by HLR on entry of MS its area.
• VLR assigns TMSI which keeps on changing.
• IMSI detach and attach operation

35
 GSM
Data in VLR
BSNL

• IMSI & TMSI

• MSISDN
• MSRN.
• Location Area
• Supplementary service parameters
• MS category
• Authentication Key

36
 GSM
Home Location Register(HLR)-I
BSNL

• Reference store for subscriber’s parameters,

numbers, authentication & Encryption values.

• Current subscriber status and associated VLR.

• Both VLR and HLR can be implemented in

the same equipment in an MSC.

• one PLMN may contain one or several HLR.

37
 GSM
Home Location Register(HLR)-II
BSNL

Permanent data in HLR

• Data stored is changed only by man-machine.
• IMSI, MS-ISDN number.
• Category of MS ( whether pay phone or not )
• Roaming restriction ( allowed or not ).
• Supplementary services like call forwarding

38
 GSM
Home Location Register(HLR)-II
BSNL

Temporary data in HLR

• The data changes from call to call & is
dynamic
• MSRN
• RAND /SRES and Kc
• VLR address, MSC address.
• Messages waiting data used for SMS

39
BSNL

GSM SERVICES

40
BSNL

GSM Services
 Services are defined as anything the end user
explicitly sees as worth paying for.

 The primary objective of a mobile telephony

system is to allow mobile subscribers to
communicate effectively.

41
BSNL

SERVICE CATEGORIES
Main type of telecommunication services:
☻ Basic services:
Available to all subscribers to a mobile network.
e.g. voice telephone calls.
☻ Supplementary services:
Additional services that are available by subscription

only.
e.g. Call forwarding.
42
BSNL

Basic Telecommunication Services

Two main categories:

• Teleservices
• Bearer Services

43
BSNL

Basic Telecommunication Services

Teleservices

Teleservice allows the subscriber to communicate

(usually via voice, fax, data or SMS) with another
subscriber.
It is a complete system including necessary terminal
equipment.

44
BSNL

Basic Telecommunication Services

Bearer services

It transports speech and data as digital information

within the network between user interfaces.
e.g.- a bearer service associated with the speech
telephony teleservice is the timeslot assigned to a
call on a TDMA frame over the air interface.

45
BSNL

TELESERVICES

Emergency calls

The emergency call function enables a subscriber

to make an emergency call by pressing a
predefined button or by using the emergency
number. (like 112 , 911).

46
BSNL

TELESERVICES

SMS Cell Broadcast (SMSCB)

A text message with a maximum length of
93 characters can be broadcast to all
mobiles within a certain geographic area.
traffic congestion warnings
accident reports,
weather announcements and
advertisements.
47
BSNL

SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES

Calling line identification services:

These cover both the presentation and restriction
of the calling line identity.
The presentation part of the service supplies the
called party with the ISDN or MSISDN number of
the calling party. The restriction service enables
calling parties to restrict the presentation of their
number on the MSs of called parties

48
BSNL

Value Added Services

• Mobile Messaging
• Mobile internet
• Mobile intelligent Network Services

49
BSNL

Some Applications

•Internet e.g. WAP

•E-mail
•Messaging Services e.g. MMS
•Telemetery
•M-Commerce
•Location Based Service
•Games

50
BSNL
Wireless World - there’s something for everyone
Young
people
Middle aged

Sports MTV

Other Jokes
news

Financial/ Grocery
Mobile
Stock news
internet
Prepaid, Anybody else
Banking
Financial data messaging
community/tra
der Customer
Company Gambling
data
data
Traveling sales/-
business man
51
 BSNL
Wireless World
bring in New Services Mobile Banking

Mobile Trading
Unified Messaging
Bluetooth:

Mobile Positioning
Location based

Multimedia Messaging Mobile E-mail:

Corporate Lan Access

Mobile Shopping

52
BSNL

Mobile Applications

53
BSNL

Mobile Messaging

 SMS
 EMS
 MMS
 Instant Messaging
 Streaming

54
BSNL

Short Message Services (SMS)

The service allows simple text message consisting of a
maximum of 160 alphanumeric characters to be sent to or
from an MS.
If the MS is switched off, or has left the coverage area, the
message is stores in a Short Message Service Center
(SMS-C).
When the mobile is switched on again or has re-entered the
network coverage area, the subscriber is informed that
there is a message.

55
BSNL

Enhanced Messaging System (EMS)

• EMS can support relatively simple pictures,sounds and

animation.
• EMS messages that are sent to devices that do not support
it will be displayed as SMS transmissions.
• It is a 3GPP standard.

56
BSNL

MULTIMEDIA MESSAGE SERVICE

(MMS)
• MMS means a multimedia presentation which consists
of music, voice, image, text, video and graphics all
synchronized across a common timeline.

• “Synchronized Power Point Presentations”.

57
BSNL

MULTIMEDIA MESSAGE SERVICE

(MMS)
• MMS-enabled mobile phones enable subscribers to
compose and send messages with one or more multimedia
parts. Mobile phones with built-in or attached cameras, or
with built-in MP3 players are very likely to also have an
MMS messaging client -- a software program that
interacts with the mobile subscriber to compose, address,
send, receive, and view MMS messages.

58
BSNL
Multimedia Messaging - Any combination
of media types

! Music
ndma
Images Hi Gra

itting
Babys w?
ro
tomor

Graphics
Video
and
Audio

59
BSNL

rich content to encourage usage

Cartoons, Dating, Pop stars, Sports stars, Pets,
Special occasions, Hobbies, Sports results, TV programmes,
News, Weather, Holidays, Timetables, Family...

60
BSNL

SMS & MMS

SMS
Text Based Messaging
Proprietary Standard
Store & Forward system
Uses signaling links
MMS
rich content including text, graphic,
photos etc.
Based upon 3 GPP & WAP standards.
Store & Forward system
MMS uses main data channel.

** 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) **

61
BSNL

Instant Messaging

It enables to communicate with another

individual in real time, analogous to a
telephone conversation but using text based
communication instead of voice-based
communication.

62
BSNL

Streaming
• It enables real time or on demand
distribution of audio, video and multimedia
on the internet.
• It is simultaneous transfer of digital media
(video,voice and data) so that it is received
as a continuous real-time stream.

63
 Applications Evolution – user perspective
BSNL

Movies
Video-
clips

Photos
Streaming
Pictures

Text MMS

EMS

SMS
64
BSNL

Where do we fit in ???

• Ringtones and Images over SMS, EMS and MMS

• Games over SMS for single, multi player and as

a team

• Gaming servers handling SMS, WAP and Java

games
65
• MMS applications for Imaging and Melodies
 BSNL

Content & Application

n: Cartoon of the day, Tarot cards, Cocktail recipes, Alcometer, Daily Horoscope
Personality Test,

mes: Hangman, Puzzles & Riddles, Cute’n’clever, Lifestyler, Friends

PopStar, PopQuiz, Jewel & Rubin, Amour

oto & Film: PhotoGallery, Mobile Greeting Card, My SoapOpera,

at & date: Mobile Chat, Love Horoscope, Love Matcher

usic: Karaoke, Fan Packages, Hit Lists, Music News

66
 BSNL

The Greeting Card solution:

• Send Messages to your friends, family

and loved ones:
- Via the web to the mobile phone

• Ease of use– self instructing -Drag ‘n’ drop

• Animations, Sounds, Pictures & Text

67
BSNL
MESSAGING CONTENT
TYPE CARRIED
STREAMING
REAL TIME DISTRIBUTION OF AUDIO, VIDEO AND MULTIMEDIA

INSTANT
MESSAGING REAL TIME TEXT BASED COMMUNICATION

MMS PICTURES, SOUNDS AND ANIMATIONS

EMS RELATIVELY SIMPLE PICTURES, SOUNDS AND ANIMATIONS

SMS
SIMPLE TEXT

WIRELESS MESSAGING LADDER

68
BSNL

Location Based Applications

69
BSNL

Location Based Services

Positioning application
Where am I
Yellow Pages
Tracking
Fleet management
Brand Finder
Geo Coding, Content,
Application Integration
Positioning methods:
– Cell/Sector , Time of Arrival
-- Network Based AGPS
– Terminal Based EOTD

70
 BSNL
Traffic Information
APPLICATION OVERVIEW

This service both collects and distributes traffic information. Traffic information
is very important need for city dwellers. Systems can estimate traffic
information by sampling mobiles in automobiles on freeways anonymously to
determine average velocity of vehicles. If this is not possible in locataion more
static information can be collected from city authorities. All this information is
mapped and sent to mobile users who request it.

• Stickiness : Daily traffic info. pushed during

rush hours via SMS/MMS

• Most people need to know the current

traffic sitution on their route.

• Hosting: Operator / ISP

• WAP/Web/MMS/SMS: yes/yes/yes/yes

• Devices supported: - All devices

• Commerically used worldwide

71
BSNL

Positioning based
information,
advertisements...
Telecom & backhand IT
infrastructure makes it
possible!

All Trademarks and Registered Trademarks are of respective holders

72
BSNL
Vertical applications
Its all about Imagination……...

Operations Automation M2M – M2M –

• Dispatch • Vending Services Vehicle
operations machines
interconnected: • Alarm & • Vehicle tracking
– Taxi • Lottery supervision • Electronic maps
– Field services machines • Point of sales
– Parcel services • Traffic
• Automatic ticket • Telemetry telematics
• Emergency
machines • Financial • Car tolls
services
services 73
BSNL

Machine to Machine communication (M2M)

Some key technologies for M2M

• Bluetooth
• GSM/GPRS
• GSM/SMS
• WiFi

74
New
BSNL

appl icati ons

Help! I’m almost out
of coke bottles…….

I don’t need wires

to connect anymore

75
BSNL

Who are your customers?

age/status?
attitude?
culture?
interests?
financial situation?
location?
time?
behaviour/mood?

76
BSNL

Thanks

77