BURIED PIPING

BY
M.VIJAY GOPAL
WHAT IS THE NEED FOR BURIED PIPING?

SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
 TO PREVENT VANDALISM (DAMAGE OR DESTRUCTION)
 TO PREVENT FREEZING OF WATER IN SUB-EXTREME CONDITIONS IF RUN
ABOVE GROUND.
 TO CARRY HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS.
 SAFE FROM UNWANTED THEFT (IN CASE OF CROSS-COUNTRY PIPING).
TO PREVENT VEHICULAR AND HUMAN INTERRUPTIONS.
 TO ELIMINATE TRAFFIC BARRIERS
WHEN TO USE BURIED PIPES AND WHEN TO USE PIPES
IN TRENCHES?

BURIED PIPES -
 SUCH LINES SHOULD NOT BE RUN UNDER PROCESS AND SERVICE AREAS
 SHOULD BE LAID IN DUCTS OR SOLIDLY ENCASED IN CONCRETE.
 SHOULD NOT BE USED UNDER ROADS AND OTHER CONCRETED AREAS.
 WHERE VALVES, METERS AND SIMILAR FITTINGS ARE USED ON BURIED PIPING, THEY
SHOULD BE HOISED IN A SUITABLE BRICK OR CONCRETE CHAMBER WITH PROPER
ACCESS TO THE SURFACE.
 BURIED GAS PIPING SHOULD NOT BE LAID IN PLASTIC MATERIAL OR LAID ADJACENT
TO POTABLE WATER PIPING OR PLASTIC OR ASBESTOS MATERIALS.
 WHERE BURIED LINES ARE LAID NEAR TO OR ACROSS ELECTRIC POWER CABLES, THEY
SHOULD ALWAYS BE LAID AS FAR AWAY FROM THE CABLES AS POSSIBLE.
 IF UNDERGROUND PIPING AND CABLES ARE USED, IT IS ESSENTIAL THAT THE PIPE
AND CABLE IS PUT INTO POSITION AT THE SAME TIME AS FOUNDATION WORK IS
BEING UNDERTAKEN.
PIPE TRENCHES –
 OPEN TRENCHES MAY BE USED IN PLACES WHERE THERE IS NO RISK OF FLAMMABLE
VAPOURS COLLECTING OR OF THE MATERIAL FREEZING, EG. FOR STEAM MAINS.
 THEY SHALL NOT BE USED WHERE THERE IS A DANGER OF FLOODING. IT IS OFTEN
CONVENIENT TO RUN PIPE TRENCHES ALONGSIDE ROADWAYS AT SUCH AN ELEVATION
THAT THE PIPE CAN RUN UNDER THE ROAD WITH NO CHANGE IN ELEVATION.
 MIN. WIDTH OF PIPE TRENCHES SHOULD BE 600MM.
 MIN. CLEARANCE OF 100MM SHOULD BE PROVIDED BETWEEN PIPE PROJECTIONS AND
WALLS AND 50MM TO THE HIGH POINT OF TRENCH BOTTOMS.
 WHEN LOCATED BELOW GRADE, PIPING PROVIDED WITH PROTECTIVE HEATING AND
PIPING IN SERVICES REQUIRING INSPECTION AND SERVICING, SHALL BE IN
TRENCHES. OTHER PIPING SHALL BE DIRECTLY BURIED.
INPUTS REQUIRED FOR BURIED PIPING

PIPE DATA –
 PIPE OUTSIDE DIAMETER
 PIPE WALL THICKNESS
 LENGTH OF PIPE RUNS- TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL
 YOUNG’S MODULUS, E
 PIPE DEPTH BELOW GRADE *

SOIL CHARACTERISITICS – *
 SOIL DENSITY (FROM SITE TESTS)
 PIPE TRENCH WIDTH AT GRADE
 RANGE OF COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION BETWEEN PIPE AND BACKFILL
 TYPE OF BACKFILL
 DEGREE OF COMPACTION

OPERATING CONDITIONS –
 MAXIMUM OPERATING PRESSURE
 MAXIMUM PIPE TEMPERATURE
 AMBIENT PIPE TEMPERATURE
 PIPE COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION

* - PARAMETERS TO BE SPECIALLY CONSIDERED FOR BURIED PIPING.

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR BURIED PIPING

STRENGTH UNDER MAXIMUM OR MINIMUM COVER, BEDDING AND BACKFILL

CONDITIONS
ANTICIPATED LOADINGS
LENGTH OF SECTIONS
EASE OF INSTALLATION
CORROSIVE ACTION BY LIQUIDS CARRIED OR SURROUNDING SOIL
JOINTING METHODS- BELL & SPIGOT JOINTS, BUTT WELDED JOINTS,
MECHANICALLY COUPLED JOINTS ETC.
EXPECTED DEFLECTION
COST OF MAINTENANCE
AVAILABILITY AND SUITABLITY OF PIPING MATERIALS FOR LOCAL
CONDITIONS

AS A WHOLE, WE HAVE TO GO FOR THE MOST ECONOMICAL MODE.

DESIGN OF BURIED PIPING
DESIGN BASED ON PRINCIPLES OF SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION, THAT IS,
THE PIPE AND THE SURROUNDING SOIL ACT TOGETHER TO CONTROL THE PIPE
PERFORMANCE.
THE DESIGN IS BASED ON RELATIVE STIFFNESS OF BOTH SOIL & PIPE.
INITIAL DESIGN STEP IS TO DETERMINE DEAD LOADS AND SURCHARGE LOADS.
SEVERAL PIPE SELECTIONS MAY NEED TO BE TRIED TO ARRIVE AT THE
OPTIMUM DESIGN.
ALL LOADS ACTING ON THE SYSTEM.
DESIGN MUST BE STRONG ENOUGH TO:
 WORKING STRESSES FOR COMBINED BENDING AND DIRECT TENSILE
STRESS <= 60% OF YIELD STRESS OF THE MATERIAL.
 WORKING STRESSES FOR COMBINED BENDING AND DIRECT COMPRESSIVE
STRESS <= 50% OF YIELD STRESS OF THE MATERIAL.
 FOR FIELD WELDED JOINTS, EFFICIENCY FACTOR = 80%.
 FOR SHOP WELDED JOINTS, EFFICIENCY FACTOR = 90%.
 WALL THICKNESS TO BE ARRIVED UNDER WORST CONDITIONS OF
EXTERNAL LOADS, TENSILE STRESS AND COMPRESSIVE STRESS IN THE
PIPE.
 HAVE RELATIVELY SMOOTH WALLS
 HAVE A TIGHT JOINING SYSTEM
 BE SOMEWHAT CHEMICALLY INERT TO SOIL AND WATER
 MINIMISE DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS LIKE EARTH QUAKE, SEVERE LOADING
CONDITIONS, EROSION, CORROSION ETC.
RIGID AND FLEXIBLE PIPES

 PIPES STIFFER THAN SURROUNDING SOIL ARE CALLED RIGID PIPES.

 PIPES LESS STIFFER THAN SURROUNDING SOIL ARE CALLED FLEXIBLE PIPES.
SOIL CATEGORIES

GRAVEL
 INDIVIDUAL GRAINS VERY FROM 0.08 TO 3 in (2 TO 75 mm) IN DIAMETER
AND ARE GENERALLY ROUNDED IN APPEARANCE.
SAND
 SMALL ROCK AND MINERAL FRAGMENTS ARE SMALLER THAN 0.08 in
(2mm) IN DIAMETER.
SILT
 FINE GRAINS APPEAR SOFT AND FLOURY.
CLAY
 FINE-TEXTURED SOIL FORMS HARD LUMPS WHEN DRY AND IS STICKY TO
SLICK WHEN WET.
ORGANIC
 PEAT.
BURIED PIPELINE THAW SETTLEMENT
BENDING MOMENT AT BURIED PIPE BEND
IMPACT OF SIDEFILL SOIL ON A FLEXIBLE PIPE
WORKING OF FLEXIBLE PIPES
PIPE AND SOIL WORKING AS A SYSTEM
TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH BURIED PIPING

CONFINING PRESSURE – PRESSURE IMPOSED BY THE COMPACTED BACKFILL

AND OVERBURDEN ON A BURIED PIPE. CONFINING PRESSURE ACTS ON THE
PIPE CIRCUMFERENCE.

FLEXIBLE COUPLING – PERMITS A SMALL AMOUNT OF AXIAL OR ANGULAR

MOVEMENT WHILE MAINTAINING THE PRESSURE BOUNDARY.

FRICTION – PASSIVE RESISTANCE OF SOIL TO AXIAL MOVEMENT. FRICTION

AT THE PIPE/SOIL INTERFACE IS A FUNCTION OF CONFINING PRESSURE AND
THE COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION BETWEEN THE PIPE AND THE BACKFILL
MATERIAL. FRICTION FORCES EXIST ONLY WHERE THERE IS ACTUAL OR
IMPENDING SLIPPAGE BETWEEN THE PIPE AND SOIL.

INFLUENCE LENGTH – PORTION OF A TRANSVERSE PIPE RUN WHICH IS

DEFLECTED OR “INFLUENCED” BY PIPE THERMAL EXPANSION ALONG THE
AXIS OF THE LONGITUDINAL RUN.
TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH BURIED PIPING (CONTD.)
PENETRATION – THE POINT AT WHICH A BURIED PIPE ENTERS THE SOIL
EITHER AT GRADE OR FROM WALL OR DISCHARGE STRUCTURE.

SETTLEMENT – THE CHANGES IN VOLUME OF SOIL UNDER CONSTANT LOAD

WHICH RESULT IN DOWNWARD MOVEMENT, OVER A PERIOD OF TIME, OF A
STRUCTURE OR VESSEL RESTING ON THE SOIL.

MODULUS OF SUBGRADE REACTION – THE RATE OF CHANGE OF SOIL BEARING

STRESS W.R.T COMPRESSIVE DEFORMATION OF THE SOIL. IT IS USED TO
CALCULATE THE PASSIVE SPRING RATE OF THE SOIL.

VIRTUAL ANCHOR – A POINT OR REGION ALONG THE AXIS OF A BURIED PIPE

WHERE THERE IS NO RELATIVE MOTION AT THE PIPE/SOIL INTERFACE. IT IS
THE POINT IN THE BURIED PIPING SYSTEM WHERE PIPE IS “VIRTUALLY”
RESTRAINED BY THE SOIL.

GROUND LEVEL – GROUND LEVEL IS THE HEIGHT OF THE SOIL SURFACE W.R.T
THE GLOBAL ORIGIN. IT IS NOT THE MEASURE OF THE DEPTH OF PIPE’S
CENTERLINE.
BURIED PIPING LOADS
THERMAL EXPANSION LOADS –
 INSTALLATIONS WITH CONTINUOUS RUNS(WITHOUT COUPLINGS)- HIGH
AXIAL FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS.
 INSTALLATIONS WITH FLEXIBLE COUPLINGS- BENDING MOMENTS AND
STRESSES SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCED.
 INSTALLATIONS WITH PENETRATION ANCHORS- IF FLEXIBLE COUPLINGS
ARE USED , PIPING REACTIONS AT THE PENETRATION RESULTING FROM
UNBALANCED FORCES DUE TO INTERNAL PRESSURE TO BE CONSIDERED.
 INSTALLATIONS WITH FLEXIBLE PENETRATIONS.
PRESSURE LOADS –
 DEAD LOADS CAUSED BY EMBANKMENT OR TRENCH BACKFILL PLUS
SUPERIMPOSED STATIONARY SURFACE LOADS, UNIFORM OR
CONCENTRATED.
 LIVE OR MOVING LOADS INCLUDING IMPACT.
 WHEN ONE OR BOTH ENDS OF A PIPE RUN TERMINATE AT A PENETRATION
OR AN ANCHOR, OR AT CONNECTED EQUIPMENT, THE PRESSURE FORCES
CAN BE QUITE HIGH AND MUST BE CONSIDERED IN EQUIPMENT OR
ANCHOR DESIGN.
 FOR DISCHARGE EQUIPMENTS LIKE PUMPS, THE REACTION FORCES DUE
TO THE UPSTREAM PRESSURE AND MASS FLOW MOMENTUM IN THE
DISCHARGE LEG MAY BE HIGH AND MUST BE CONSIDERED IN THE DESIGN
OF THE LAST ELBOW OR BEND BEFORE THE DISCHARGE.
BURIED PIPING LOADS (contd.)

INTERNAL PRESSURE –
 THE INTERNAL PRESSURE DESIGN OF A BURIED PIPE AND THE CORRESPONDING AG PIPE
DERIVE FROM THE SAME EQUATION. (PIPE WALL THICKNESS FORMULA)
VERTICAL EARTH LOADS -
 IMPORTANT CONSIDERATION WHEN DESIGNING PIPING CASINGS USED FOR RAIL AND
ROAD CROSSINGS.
 PRIMARILY A CONSIDERATION FOR NON-OPERATING CONDITIONS OF BURIED STEEL
PIPE WHEN THE PIPELINE IS UNDER NO INTERNAL PRESSURE.
SURFACE LIVE LOADS –
 IN ADDITION TO SUPPORTING DEAD LOADS IMPOSED BY EARTH COVER, BURIED PIPES
CAN ALSO BE EXPOSED TO SUPERIMPOSED CONCENTRATED OR DISTRIBUTED LIVE
LOADS.
SURFACE IMPACT LOADS –
 LOADS RESULTING FROM LARGE WEIGHTS FALLING FROM SIGNIFICANT HEIGHTS.
BUOYANCY –
 NET UPWARD FORCE ON BURIED PIPE WHEN THE BUOYANCY FORCE CREATED BY THE
PIPE BELOW THE WATER TABLE ( THE LEVEL OF STANDING WATER IN THE SOIL) EXCEEDS
THE COMBINED DOWNWARD WEIGHT OF THE PIPE AND SOIL COLUMN ABOVE THE PIPE.
RELATIVE PIPE-SOIL DISPLACEMENT –
 UNDER THE EFFECTS OF GROUND MOVEMENTS OR LARGE PIPELINE LOADS LIKE THOSE
FROM A LARGE THERMAL DIFFERENTIAL, BURIED PIPES MAY BE SUBJECT TO LARGE
BENDING AND TENSILE LOADS. SOURCES OF GROUND MOVEMENT CAN INCLUDE
DIFFERENTIAL SOIL SETTLEMENT, FAULT DISPLACEMENT OR LATERAL SPREAD
DISPLACEMENT IN EARTHQUAKES, LANDSLIDE DISPLACEMENT, FROST HEAVE OR THAW
SETTLEMENT, ETC.
BURIED PIPING LOADS (contd.)
MOVEMENT AT PIPE BENDS –
 MOVEMENT OF A BURIED PIPELINE CAN OCCUR AT THE APEX OF SIDEBENDS,
SAGBENDS AND OVERBENDS. THIS MOVEMENT CAN BE CAUSED BY EITHER A
NET OUTWARD FORCE GENERATED BY INTERNAL PRESSURE OR EXPANSION
CAUSED BY TEMP. INCREASES. THE RESULTING FORCES ARE RESISTED BY
THE PIPE BENDING AND AXIAL STIFFNESS AND BY THE SOIL BEARING AND
SHEAR RESISTANCE.
EFFECTS OF NEARBY BLASTING –
 DUE TO MINING AND NEARBY CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES.
FLUID TRANSIENTS –
 RAPID CHANGES IN FLOW RATES OF LIQUID OR TWO-PHASE PIPING
SYSTEMS CAN CAUSE PRESSURE TRANSIENTS, WHICH IN TURN GENERATE
PRESSURE PULSES AND TRANSIENT FORCES IN THE PIPING SYSTEM.
IN-SERVICE RELOCATION –
 IT IS PRACTISED ROUTINELY IN THE INDUSTRY TO PERFORM CERTAIN
OPERATIONS WITHOUT TAKING THE LINE OUT OF SERVICE. SOME REASONS
ARE:
 ACCOMODATING A NEW HIGHWAY OR RAIL CROSSING.
 PERFORM OVER-THE-DITCH COATING RENOVATION.
 INSPECTING OR REPAIRING PIPE SUBMERGED IN SHALLOW WATER.
 AVOIDING ENCROACHMENT.
BURIED PIPING LOADS (contd.)
EARTHQUAKE -
 TRANSITORY STRAINS CAUSED BY DIFFERENTIAL GROUND DISPLACEMENT
ARISING FROM GROUND SHAKING AND PERMANENT GROUND
DISPLACEMENT FROM SURFACE FAULTING, LATERAL SPREAD
DISPLACEMENT, TRIGGERED LANDSLIDE DISPLACEMENT AND SETTLEMENT
FROM COMPACTION OR LIQUIFACTION.
DEAD LOADS

 DEAD LOADS ARE ALSO CALLED PRISM LOADS.

 IT IS THE OVERBURDEN LOAD APPLIED TO THE PIPE CROWN, EQUAL TO
THE WEIGHT OF THE SOIL COLUMN (PRISMATIC ELEMENT) PROJECTING
ABOVE THE PIPE.
 USED FOR ESTIMATING THE VERTICAL DEFLECTION.
 BUT THE ACTUAL LOAD TRANSMITTED DEPENDS ON THE RELATIVE SOIL
& PIPE STIFFNESS.
 DEAD LOAD APPLIED TO A FLEXIBLE PLASTIC PIPE < THE PRISM LOAD
BECAUSE SOIL SHEAR RESISTANCE TRANSFERS PART OF THE SOIL LOAD
THAT IS DIRECTLY ABOVE THE PIPE TRENCH SIDEWALLS AND
EMBEDMENT. THIS TRANSFER IS CALLED ARCHING.
 THREE DESIGN METHODS:
 PRISM METHOD
 MARSTON METHOD
 MODIFIED ARCHING METHOD
DEAD LOADS -
DESIGN METHODS

 PRISM METHOD –
PE= w H
where
PE = VERTICAL SOIL PRESSURE, lb/ft2
w = UNIT WEIGHT OF SOIL, lb/ft3
H = SOIL HEIGHT ABOVE PIPE CROWN, ft

 MARSTON METHOD –
PM= CD W BD
where
PM = VERTICAL SOIL PRESSURE, lb/ft2
BD = TRENCH WIDTH AT PIPE CROWN, ft
CD = LOAD COEFFICIENT

CD= 1- e –2Ku’H/BD
2Ku’
K = RANKINE EARTH PRESSURE
COEFFICIENT

K= tan 2 ( 45 – X/2 )

X = INTERNAL SOIL FRICTION ANGLE,

deg.
u’ = FRICTION COEFFICIENT BETWEEN
BACKFILL AND TRENCH SIDES.
DEAD LOADS -
DESIGN METHODS
(CONTD.)
 MODIFIED ARCHING LOAD –
PC= 0.6 PM + 0.4 PE
OR
PC= F w H

where
F = ARCHING COEFFICIENT

F= PM + 0.4 (PE – PM)

PE

 THIS METHOD IS MAINLY USED FOR FLEXIBLE PIPE.

 A MORE CONSERVATIVE APPROACH – USES SOIL PRESSURE LOAD BETWEEN
PRISM LOAD AND MARSTON LOAD.
SURFACE LIVE LOADS

 IN ADDITION TO SUPPORTING DEAD LOADS IMPOSED BY EARTH COVER, BURIED

PIPES CAN ALSO BE EXPOSED TO SUPERIMPOSED CONCENTRATED OR DISTRIBUTED
LIVE LOADS.
 LARGE CONCENTRATED LOADS, SUCH AS THOSE CAUSED BY TRUCK-WHEEL LOADS,
RAILWAY CAR, LOCOMOTIVE LOADS AND AIRCRAFT LOADS AT AIRPORTS ARE OF
PRACTICAL INTERESTS.
 TO INCLUDE IMPACT FACTOR (F’) TO ACCOUNT FOR BUMPS AND IRREGULARITIES IN
THE TRAVEL SURFACE.
 BOUSSINESQ’S EQUATION -
PP= _________3PS___________
2* 3.14* C2 [1 + (d/C)2 ]2.5

where
PP = PRESSURE TRANSMITTED TO THE PIPE (WITHOUT IMPACT)
PS = CONC. LOAD AT THE SURFACE, ABOVE PIPE
C = DEPTH OF SOIL ABOVE PIPE
d = OFFSET DISTANCE FROM PIPE TO LINE OF APPLICATION OF SURFACE LOAD
EFFECTS OF SURFACE LIVE LOADS

 OVALITY
 THROUGH-WALL BENDING
 CRUSHING OF SIDE WALLS
 RING BUCKLING
 FATIGUE
EFFECTS OF SURFACE LIVE
LOADS (CONTD.)
LIVE LOADS TRANSFERRED TO PIPES
LOAD AND REACTION IN BURIED PIPES
GENERAL MATERIALS FOR BURIED PIPING

CARBON STEEL (HIGH TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS)

DUCTILE IRON (HIGH TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS)
FRP(FIBRE REINFORCED PLASTIC) PIPES (LOW TEMPERATURE
APPLICATIONS)- ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS- SO, NOT IN USE.
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE PIPES (LOW TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS)
ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPES (SLURRY APPLICATIONS)
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS FOR BURIED PIPING
NORMALLY WRAPPED IN A PROTECTIVE COATING
 MIXTURE OF BUTYL ADHESIVE AND POLYETHYLENE
 A GOOD PLIABLE EPOXY PRIMER FOLLOWED BY TWO COATS OF TAR EPOXY, SUCH AS
TAR SET STANDARD, TO A MINIMUM OF 15 MILS.
 TO ASSURE MAXIMUM CORROSION PROTECTION OF THE BURIED PIPELINE, CATHODIC
PROTECTION IS NORMALLY SPECIFIED SUPPLEMENT THE PROTECTIVE COATING
SYSTEM.
 THERE ARE SEVERAL CONSIDERATIONS INVOLVING CATHODIC PROTECTION
INCLUDING ELECTRICAL CONTINUITY IN THE SYSTEM, SOIL RESISTIVITY AND TYPES
OF ELECTRICAL POWER AVAILABLE.
BURIED IN THE GROUND
 UNDERGROUND PIPING IS LAID EITHER IN TRENCH OR UNDER EMBANKMENT.
 THE TRENCHES CAN BACKFILLED ONCE THE INTEGRITY OF THE SYSTEM IS ATTAINED.
THE BACKFILL MATERIAL SHOULD BE FREE FOF ROCKS, CINDERS, REFUSE AND OTHER
ROUGH MATERIALS. THE BACKFILL SHOULD BE LAYERED IN AND TAMPED AFTER EACH
LAYER.
 UNDERGROUND LEAKAGE- A MAJOR PROBLEM.
 BURIED PIPING HAS TO BE CONTINUOUSLY SUPPORTED AND RESTRAINED, AS THEY
ARE SECONDARY IN NATURE.
 CONVENTIONAL STEEL PIPING REQUIRES EXPANSION PROVISIONS, EITHER BELLOWS
OR LOOPS.
 A TYPICAL PIPING ARRANGEMENT WOULD HAVE FIXED POINTS AND EXPANSION
POINTS ABOUT EVERY 300FT (100M). THE PIPING WOULD HAVE TO BE PLACED ON
ROLLERS OR SLIP-PLATES BETWEEN POINTS.
 BURYING BARE STEEL PIPES RESULT IN HIGH HEAT LOSS, SO HIGHLY NECESSARY TO
BE INSULATED (POLYURETHANE FOAM, ROCK WOOL OR FIBERGLASS – 1-4 INCHES).
 FOR INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE OF THE PIPELINES, SUFFICIENT NO. OF
MANHOLES ARE TO BE PROVIDED (PREFERABLY AT A MAXIMUM SPACING OF 150M).
CLASSIFICATION OF UNDERGROUND CONDUITS
CLASSES OF UNDERGROUND CONDUITS
CLASSES OF TRENCH BEDDINGS
BEDDINGS FOR POSITIVE PROJECTING CONDUITS
COMMON FAILURES IN BURIED PIPING

COLUMN BUCKLING (PIPE POPS-OUT OF THE GROUND AT MIDSPAN)

LOCAL FAILURE BY CRIPPLING OR TENSILE FAILURE (MUCH MORE
SERIOUS THAN COLUMN BUCKLING).
CORROSION AND EROSION OF PIPES BY THE SURROUNDING SOIL.
TRANSMISSION LENGTH VS FLUID TEMP.
APPLICATIONS OF BURIED PIPING

CROSS-COUNTRY PIPING.
FOR CARRYING HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS.
WASTEWATER OR SEWAGE WATER SYSTEMS.
WATER SYSTEMS.
GEOTHERMAL TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LINES.
FIRE-PROTECTION SYSTEMS.
BURIED PIPING (IMAGE)
DURING SOIL EXCAVATION
PIPE PLACEMENT INSIDE A TRENCH
BACKFILLING PROCESS
FINAL STAGE OF SOIL EXCAVATION
GRAVEL COVER OVER BACKFILLED TRENCH
BURIED PIPE LAYED IN A TRENCH
GROUP OF BURIED PIPE LAYED IN A TRENCH
SLIP PLATES INSTALLED TO SEAT STEEL PIPES
EXCAVATED LAND
BURIED PIPE
PIPE THROUGH A ROAD CROSSING (WITH A SUPPORT
NEARBY)
PIPE THROUGH A ROAD CROSSING (WITH A SLEEPER
NEARBY)
PIPE THROUGH A ROAD CROSSING (WITH A SLEEPER
NEARBY)
PIPE AFTER COAL-TAR WRAPPING
SOFTWARES USED

AUTOPIPE
CAESAR-II
PIPENET
CAEPIPE
Thank you