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2: Fundamentals of
Thermal Radiation
Faculty of Chemical Engineering
UiTM (T), Kampus Bukit Besi
Objectives
When you finish studying this chapter, you should be
able to:
Understand the idealized blackbody, and calculate
the total and spectral blackbody emissive power,
Calculate the fraction of radiation emitted in a
specified wavelength band using the blackbody
radiation functions,
Develop a clear understanding of the properties
emissivity, absorptivity, relflectivity, and
transmissivity on spectral, directional, and total
basis,
Apply Kirchhoff law’s law to determine the
absorptivity of a surface when its emissivity is
known,
Appreciate the importance of greenhouse effect.
Introduction
Unlike conduction and convection, radiation does not
require the presence of a material medium to take
place.
Electromagnetic waves or electromagnetic radiation
─ represent the energy emitted by matter as a result
of the changes in the electronic configurations of the
atoms or molecules.
Electromagnetic waves are characterized by their
frequency n or wavelength l
c
l (12-1)
n
c ─ the speed of propagation of a wave in that
medium.
Blackbody Radiation
A body at a thermodynamic (or absolute)
temperature above zero emits radiation in
all directions over a wide range of
wavelengths.
The amount of radiation energy emitted
from a surface at a given wavelength
depends on:
the material of the body and the condition of its surface,
the surface temperature.
A blackbody ─ the maximum amount of radiation that can be
emitted by a surface at a given temperature.
At a specified temperature and wavelength, no surface can
emit more energy than a blackbody.
A blackbody absorbs all incident radiation, regardless of
wavelength and direction.
A blackbody emits radiation energy uniformly in all directions
per unit area normal to direction of emission.
The radiation energy emitted by a blackbody per unit
time and per unit surface area (Stefan–Boltzmann
law)
Eb T s T 4 W/m 2 (12-3)
(12-8)
f l1 l2 T
f l2 T f l1 T
(12-9)
Radiative Properties
Many materials encountered in practice, such
as metals, wood, and bricks, are opaque to
thermal radiation, and radiation is considered
to be a surface phenomenon for such materials.
In these materials thermal radiation is emitted
or absorbed within the first few microns of the
surface.
Some materials like glass and water exhibit
different behavior at different wavelengths:
Visible spectrum ─ semitransparent,
Infrared spectrum ─ opaque.
Emissivity
Emissivity of a surface ─ the ratio of the
radiation emitted by the surface at a given
temperature to the radiation emitted by a
blackbody at the same temperature.
The emissivity of a surface is denoted by e, and
it varies between zero and one, 0≤e ≤1.
The emissivity of real surfaces varies with:
the temperature of the surface,
the wavelength, and
the direction of the emitted radiation.
Spectral directional emissivity ─ the most
elemental emissivity of a surface at a given
temperature.
Spectral directional emissivity
I l ,e l , q , , T
e l ,q l ,q , , T (12-30)
Ibl l , T spectral and directional
The subscripts l and q are used to designate
quantities, respectively.
The total directional emissivity (intensities integrated over all
wavelengths)
I e q , , T
eq q , , T (12-31)
I b T
El l , T
el l,T (12-32)
Ebl l , T
The total hemispherical emissivity
E T
e T (12-33)
as
Eb T
Since Eb(T)=sT4 the total hemispherical emissivity can also be expressed
Diffuse surface ─ a
surface which properties
are independent of
direction.
a r t 1 (12-41)
a r 1 (12-42)
Like emissivity, these properties can also be defined for a specific
wavelength and/or direction.
Spectral directional absorptivity
I l ,abs l ,q ,
a l ,q l ,q , (12-43)
I l ,i l , q ,
I l ,ref l ,q ,
rl ,q l ,q , (12-43)
I l ,i l , q ,
• Spectral hemispherical absorptivity
Gl ,abs l
al l (12-44)
Gl l
a
0
a l Gl d l
, r
0
rl Gl d l
, t
t l Gl d l
0
(12-46)
0
Gl d l
0
Gl d l Gl d l
0
Eemit es T 4
Thus, we conclude that
Ases T 4 Asas T 4
e T a T (12-47)
The restrictive conditions inherent in the
derivation of Eq. 12-47 should be remembered:
the surface irradiation correspond to emission from a
blackbody,
Surface temperature is equal to the temperature of
the source of irradiation,
Steady state.
The derivation above can also be repeated for
radiation at a specified wavelength to obtain the
spectral form of Kirchhoff’s law:
This relation is valid when the irradiation or the
emitted radiatione l is independent of direction.
T a l T (12-48)