POWER SYSTEMS SALES TRAINING

DC MOTOR
BASICS
 POWER SYSTEMS SALES TRAINING

Purpose of an “DC Motor”

Electrical Mechanical
Energy Energy

The purpose of a DC Motor is to

Convert Electrical Energy into Mechanical Energy
 POWER SYSTEMS SALES TRAINING

Ohm’s Law
E=I*R
I=E/R
R=E/I I
+
E R
-

E = Voltage
I = Current
R = Resistance
 POWER SYSTEMS SALES TRAINING

Bar Magnet

N S

Lines of Flux
Flux Density =
# of Flux Lines / per unit area
 POWER SYSTEMS SALES TRAINING

Magnetic Poles
Unlike Poles Attract

S N S N

S N N S

Like Poles Repel

 POWER SYSTEMS SALES TRAINING

Current Carrying Conductor

Conductor
Lines of Flux

Current Flow
 POWER SYSTEMS SALES TRAINING

Electromagnetic Coil
Flux Density
Dependant on:

• Current
Lines of Flux • # of Coils
• Core Material
 POWER SYSTEMS SALES TRAINING

Electo-magnetic Coils

Direction of Current determines Magnetic Polarity

 POWER SYSTEMS SALES TRAINING

DC Motor
Rotation Considerations
• Speed
• Torque
 POWER SYSTEMS SALES TRAINING

Speed
Rotation of the shaft

Rpm - revolutions per minute

 POWER SYSTEMS SALES TRAINING

Torque
Torque is the product of
Force x Lever Arm Length (Radius)

Clockwise and Counter-Clockwise

efforts are distinguished by
differences in sign, + or -
 POWER SYSTEMS SALES TRAINING

DC Motor
A DC motor consists of two electromagnetic fields

1) Armature
- coils of wire on the shaft
2) Field (Shunt Field)
- coils of wire built into stationary
frame
 POWER SYSTEMS SALES TRAINING

DC MOTOR CONSTRUCTION
Commutator &
Brush Assembly

Armature
Assembly

Field Poles
NOTE: The Armature &
Assemblies Field Circuits are
mechanically fixed at
90° at all times

Distinct Armature & Field Circuits

are mechanically separated
 POWER SYSTEMS SALES TRAINING

Force Effect of Magnetic Fields

Cancellation

Reinforcement
 POWER SYSTEMS SALES TRAINING

Force Couple
F

N +  S

F
 POWER SYSTEMS SALES TRAINING

Mechanical Effects of Magnetic Fields

Rotation is a function of two fields

pushing or pulling each other.
 POWER SYSTEMS SALES TRAINING

Rotation
STRONGEST FIELD
PUSHES CONDUCTOR DOWN S
(REPULSION) FIELD

N
FIELD

STRONGEST FIELD +
PUSHES CONDUCTOR UP
(REPULSION) –
 POWER SYSTEMS SALES TRAINING

Principle of a DC Motor
• A DC motor has two independent
electromagnetic fields
• Controlled independent of each other

• Either field can influence the performance

of the motor
• Speed (rpm)
• Torque (ft lb)
 POWER SYSTEMS SALES TRAINING

A2
A1

Brush
Commutator Bars

Main Field Main Field

Armature
Coils

F2 F1
Brush

Motor Armature, Commutator and

Field Wiring Arrangement
 POWER SYSTEMS SALES TRAINING

Typical DC Motor
 POWER SYSTEMS SALES TRAINING

DC Motor
 POWER SYSTEMS SALES TRAINING

Commutator
 POWER SYSTEMS SALES TRAINING

Brush Rig Assembly

 POWER SYSTEMS SALES TRAINING

DC Motor
Commutator/Armature
 POWER SYSTEMS SALES TRAINING

Motor General Equation

ET = KMN + IARA

ET = Armature (Terminal) Voltage

KM = Motor Constant
 = Motor Field Flux Density
N = Motor Speed
IA = Armature Current
RA = Armature Resistance
 POWER SYSTEMS SALES TRAINING

DC Motor Speed
Motor Speed Varies by:

N = ET
KM
ET = Armature (Terminal) Voltage
KM = Motor Constant
 = Motor Field Flux Density
N = Motor Speed
 POWER SYSTEMS SALES TRAINING

DC Motor Torque
DC Motor Torque varies by:

T = KTIA
T = Motor Torque
KT = Motor Constant
(# poles, armature conductors)
 = Motor Field Flux Density
IA = Armature Current
 POWER SYSTEMS SALES TRAINING

DC Motor Horsepower
DC Motor Horsepower
Can be Determined By:

HP = T x N
5252
HP = Motor Horsepower
T = Motor Torque
N = Speed
 POWER SYSTEMS SALES TRAINING

Speed Power Curve

Armature Voltage Control Field Current Control
Constant Field Current Constant Armature
Voltage
100
Constant Power
Power (% of Rated)

que
r
t To
n
sta
n
Co

100

Speed (% of Base Speed)

 POWER SYSTEMS SALES TRAINING

Speed Torque Curve

 POWER SYSTEMS SALES TRAINING

Types of DC Motors
• Shunt Wound
• Straight Shunt Most DC Motors are:
• Compound Wound
• Stabilized Shunt
• Permanent Magnet
• Series Wound

Note: Straight Shunt must be used with reversing/regen

 POWER SYSTEMS SALES TRAINING

DC Motor Review
• Speed is primarily determined by
Armature Voltage
• Torque is determined by
Armature Current
 POWER SYSTEMS SALES TRAINING

DC Motor Review
• Rotation is the result of the interaction of
two independent electromagnetic fields.
• Armature windings
• Field windings
• Extended motor speeds above base
speed are achieved by reducing the field
voltage (current)
• Field Weakening
 POWER SYSTEMS SALES TRAINING

Questions ???