National Taiwan University

Department of Civil Engineering

Introduction to Seismic Design of Structures
(11-1)

Maximum Considered Earthquake (1)

Lap-Loi Chung (鍾立來)
National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering
Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University
Civil Engineering, National Cheng Kung University
Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)
Maximum considered earthquake (MCE): 最大考
量地震
Earthquake level with 2% of exceedance in 50
years: 50年內2%超越機率之地震等級
Earthquake level with 2475-year return period:
2475年回歸期之地震等級

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Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)
Maximum considered earthquake (MCE) is an
earthquake level with 2% probability of
exceedance in 50 years
or an earthquake level with return period of
2,475 years.
t = 50 years

Design basis earthquake (DBE) is an earthquake

level with 10% probability of exceedance in 50
years
or an earthquake level with return period of 475
years.
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Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)
Maximum considered earthquake: 2% probability
of exceedance in 50 years.
X(0, 50): number of earthquakes exceeding
maximum considered earthquake in 50 years.
(t ) k e  t
P{ X (0, t )  k}  ,
k!
2% of exceedance k  0,1,2,
P{ X  1}  P{ X  2}    2%  0.02

  P{ X  k}  0.02
k 1
 1  P{ X  0}  0.02
 P{ X  0}  0.98
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Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)
Maximum considered earthquake: 2% probability
of exceedance in 50 years.
P{ X (0, t )  0}  0.98
  (50)   ln( 0.98) (t ) k e  t
P{ X (0, t )  k}  ,
1 k!
  k  0,1,2,
2475 years
Return period of maximum considered earthquake
is 2,475 years. On average, one earthquake
exceeds maximum considered earthquake in
2,475 years.
Average number of earthquake exceeding
maximum considered earthquake is 1/2475 times
in one year. 5
Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)
( t ) k e   t 1
P{ X (0, t )  k}  , k  0,1,2,  t  50 years
k! 2475 years
X(0, 50): number of earthquakes exceeding
maximum considered earthquake in 50 years.
0  ( 50 2475)
(50 2475) e
P{ X  0}   0.98000
0!
1  ( 50 2475)
(50 2475) e
P{ X  1}   0.01980
1!
(50 2475) 2 e ( 50 2475)
P{ X  2}   0.00020
2!
(50 2475) 3 e (50 2475)
P{ X  3}   0.000
3!
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Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)
Maximum considered earthquake
Earthquake with 2% probability of exceedance in
50 years
Earthquake with return period of 2,475 years

Structure is designed such that collapse is

prevented even under maximum considered
earthquake.

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Maximum Considered Spectrum for Site Class 1, 2 or 3
S MS Maximum considered spectral acceleration of
site for short-period structure
S M1 Maximum considered spectral acceleration of
site for 1-second-period structure

Damping ratio ζ = 5%

S M1
T0
M

S MS
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Maximum Considered Spectrum for Site Class 1, 2 or 3
Maximum considered spectral acceleration SaM
(unit: g) S M1
M
T0 
S MS (0.4  3T T ), T  0.2T
0
M
0
M
S MS

S MS , 0.2T0  T  T0
M M
SaM 
 M1
S T , T 0
M
 T  2.5 T0
M Seismic Design Codes
Table 2-5(b)
0.4S MS , 2.5T0  T
M

Fundamental vibration
period: T (unit: s)
Damping ratio ζ:
0.05 (5%)
SaM  SaD ? 9
 Maximum Considered Spectrum for Site Class 1, 2 or 3
Maximum considered response spectrum is
determined by two parameters
Maximum considered spectral acceleration of site
for short-period structure: SMS
Maximum considered spectral acceleration of site
for 1-second-period structure: SM1
Corner period between short and medium to long
period: T0M
S M1
T  T  S MS  M
0
M

T0
S M1
 T0 
M

S MS
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Maximum Considered Spectrum for Site Class 1, 2 or 3
SaM  SMS (0.4  3T T ), T  0.2T
0
M
0
M

 SaM  0.4 SMS , T  0

When fundamental vibration period equals zero,
T = 0, structure is so rigid that moves with ground.
Spectral acceleration SaM is same as peak ground
acceleration.
Effective peak (ground)
acceleration for maximum
considered earthquake
EPA = 0.4SMS (unit: g)
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Maximum Considered Spectrum for Site Class 1, 2 or 3
S aM  S MS , 0.2T0M  T  T0M

When fundamental vibration period T lies between

0.2T0M and T0M, maximum considered spectral
acceleration SaM is constant. It is region with
constant (spectral) acceleration.

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Maximum Considered Spectrum for Site Class 1, 2 or 3
S M1 S aM  S vM
SaM  , T0  T  2.5T0
M M
1 T
T  S vM  S aM  S aM
 2
T S M1
 S vM  SaM  , T0  T  2.5T0
M M
unit: g-s
2 2
When fundamental vibration period T lies between
T0M and 2.5T0M, spectral velocity SvM is constant. It
is region with constant (spectral) velocity.

SM1 is maximum
considered spectral
acceleration at period
T equal to 1 second.
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Maximum Considered Spectrum for Site Class 1, 2 or 3
SaM  0.4 SMS , 2.5T0M  T
When fundamental vibration period T is longer
than 2.5T0M, maximum considered spectral
acceleration SaM is 0.4SMS。
The longer the
fundamental vibration
period T, the lower the
maximum considered
spectral acceleration
SaM. Lower bound is set
to be 0.4SMS.
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Maximum Considered Spectrum for Site Class 1, 2 or 3
Maximum considered spectral acceleration of site
for short-period structure SMS depends on seismic
zone, fault distance and site classification.
S MS  F
a
(M)
N (M)
A S M
S

SSM: maximum considered spectral acceleration of

seismic zone for short-period structure
NA(M): (MCE) near-fault adjustment factor for
periods with constant acceleration
Fa(M): (MCE) site amplification factor for periods
with constant acceleration
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 Maximum Considered Spectrum for Site Class 1, 2 or 3
Maximum considered spectral acceleration of site
for 1-second-period structure SM1 depends on
seismic zone, fault distance and site classification.
S M1  Fv(M) N V(M) S1M

S1M: maximum considered spectral acceleration of

seismic zone for 1-second-period structure
NV(M): (MCE) near-fault adjustment factor for
periods with constant velocity
Fv(M): (MCE) site amplification factor for periods
with constant velocity
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Maximum Considered Spectrum for Site Class 1, 2 or 3
0.2T
0
M
T T
0
M
Short period S MS  Fa( M ) N A( M ) SSM
Periods with constant maximum
considered spectral acceleration
T0M  T  2.5T0M Medium to long period (1-second
period) S M1  Fv( M ) N V( M ) S1M
Periods with constant maximum
considered spectral velocity

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Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)
Ministry of Interior (2011), ‘Seismic Design Codes
of Buildings’. (in Chinese)
http://www.cpami.gov.tw/chinese/index.php?option
=com_content&view=article&id=10471&Itemid=5
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Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)
(1-1) Videos on Strategies for Prevention of
Earthquake Disaster
English https://youtu.be/P0-ZqkSWAgk
Chinese https://youtu.be/Pv0zlzDh9DI
(1-2) Videos on Earthquake Engineering and
Seismic Design
English https://youtu.be/x0SoVtwTCVI

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Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)
(2-1) Videos on Fundamental Vibration Period
English https://youtu.be/heIqjIP3dJM
Chinese https://youtu.be/-WPHcpRCGqw
(2-2) Videos on Simplified Calculation of
Fundamental Period
English https://youtu.be/PFAtC5GcN1Y
Chinese https://youtu.be/CmILRnIS65w

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Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)
(3-1) Videos on Forced Vibration of Undamped
Structure (1)
English https://youtu.be/R3ouXosWlvA
Chinese https://youtu.be/kqOWgimUrOQ
(3-2) Videos on Forced Vibration of Undamped
Structure (2)
English https://youtu.be/NYB0ZMqWDLY
Chinese https://youtu.be/kqOWgimUrOQ
(4) Videos on Damping of Structure
English https://youtu.be/bt3XDUG-VYg
Chinese https://youtu.be/W2K-zTz4WvU
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Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)
(5-1) Videos on Forced Vibration of SDOF
Structure (1)
English https://youtu.be/yYx4Z2DXycQ
Chinese https://youtu.be/lUp3oHNG2Kg
(5-2) Videos on Forced Vibration of SDOF
Structure (2)
English https://youtu.be/VxFieYPSh68
Chinese https://youtu.be/lUp3oHNG2Kg

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Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)
(6-1) Videos on Dynamic Analysis of SDOF
Structure (1)
English https://youtu.be/QGaLxvNM-Sk
Chinese https://youtu.be/OQlqFqlvyTw
(6-2) Videos on Dynamic Analysis of SDOF
Structure (2)
English https://youtu.be/JiO4bK-FpmU
Chinese https://youtu.be/OQlqFqlvyTw
(7) Videos on Seismic Analysis of SDOF Structure
English https://youtu.be/muwUsj7zHuQ
Chinese https://youtu.be/qljvU_pxStA
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Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)
(8) Videos on Response Spectrum of Seismic
Record
English https://youtu.be/eca-kfiM-fg
Chinese https://youtu.be/xA7boiyNquA
(9-1) Videos on Design Response Spectrum (1)
English https://youtu.be/qdOmxNmDUak
Chinese https://youtu.be/KbeJ_D6PtzA
(9-2) Videos on Design Response Spectrum (2)
English https://youtu.be/_0YVISXIE_M
Chinese https://youtu.be/KbeJ_D6PtzA

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Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)
(10-1) Videos on Design (Basis) Seismic Force (1)
English https://youtu.be/ET2XaJ6OSkc
Chinese https://youtu.be/AqE1KESOKt0
(10-2) Videos on Design (Basis) Seismic Force (2)
English https://youtu.be/iz29snBBbBw
Chinese https://youtu.be/AqE1KESOKt0

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Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)
(11-1) Videos on Maximum Considered Earthquake
MCE (1)
English https://youtu.be/ZqgMNc1hrU4
Chinese https://youtu.be/Ar0r2BcBiJw
(11-2) Videos on Maximum Considered Earthquake
(MCE) (2)
English
Chinese https://youtu.be/Ar0r2BcBiJw

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Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)
Two parameters (maximum considered spectral
accelerations for short-period and 1-second-
period structures)
Maximum considered earthquake
2% probability of exceedance in 50 years
Return period of 2,475 years

Thank You!

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