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(pg. 1)
DSM Advantages
• Practical advantages of DSM:
– no effective width calculations,
– no iterations required, and
– uses gross cross-sectional properties.
• Theoretical advantages of the DSM approach:
– explicit design method for distortional buckling,
– includes interaction of elements (i.e., equilibrium and compatibility between the
flange and web is maintained in the elastic buckling prediction), and
– explores and includes all stability limit states.
• Philosophical advantages to the DSM approach:
– encourages cross-section optimization,
– provides a solid basis for rational analysis extensions,
– potential for much wider applicability and scope, and
– engineering focus is on correct determination of elastic buckling behavior,
instead of on correct determination of empirical effective widths.
(pg. 2)
DSM Limitations
• Limitations of DSM (as implemented in AISI 2004)
– No shear provisions
– No web crippling provisions
– No provisions for members with holes
– Limited number/geometry of pre-qualified members
– No provisions for strength increase due to cold-work of forming
• Practical Limitations of DSM approach
– Overly conservative if very slender elements are used
– Shift in the neutral axis is ignored
• Limitations of finite strip method
– Cross-section cannot vary along the length
– Loads cannot vary along the length (i.e., no moment gradient)
– Global boundary conditions at the member ends are pinned (i.e., simply-
supported)
– Assignment of modes sometimes difficult, particularly for distortional buckling
(pg. 6)
DSM Design Guide
• Introduction
• Elastic Buckling
• Member elastic buckling
– examples
– overcoming difficulties
• Beam, Column, and Beam-Column Design
• Product Development
• Design Examples
Finite strip software
At least three programs are known to provide elastic buckling by the finite strip method:
CUFSM (www.ce.jhu.edu/bschafer/cufsm)
CFS (www.rsgsoftware.com), and
THIN-WALL (www.civil.usyd.edu.au/case/thinwall.php).
(pg. 10)
Applied stress on the section indicates that a moment about the major
Understanding axis is applied to this section. All results are given in reference to this
applied stress distribution. Any axial stresses (due to bending, axial load,
Finite Strip Analysis Results warping torsional stresses, or any combination thereof) may be
considered in the analysis.
half-wavelength
Half-wavelength 5
(pg. 9)
DSM Design Guide
• Introduction
• Elastic Buckling
• Member elastic buckling
– examples
– overcoming difficulties
• Beam, Column, and Beam-Column Design
• Product Development
• Design Examples
Elastic buckling examples
• C, Z, angle, hat, wall panel, rack post, sigma..
Elastic buckling results are really just another property of the cross-section
The results presented here can be thought of as augmenting the “gross properties” of the cross-
section. That is, Pcrl, Pcrd, Mcrl, Mcrd, augment A, I, etc. as properties of the cross-section, and can
be calculated without knowledge of the application of the cross-section. In the future, the elastic
buckling values studied in detail in this Chapter may simply be tabled for use by engineers.
(pg. 16)
Z-section with lips
1.1.1 Z-section with lips
The geometry for this example, a Z-section, is based on Examples I-3, I-10, II-2, and III-6 of the
2002 Edition of the AISI Manual for Cold-Formed Steel Design. The cross-section is a
8ZS2.25x059, and is illustrated in Figure 1. Also note, Fy = 55 ksi. A model was developed in
CUFSM for finite strip analysis, Figure 1 illustrates the node locations of the model, a
comparison of calculated cross-section properties is also provided.
y
2.25”
Z-section 8ZS2.25x059
”
91
0.
(pg. 26)
Z-section with lips modified
The Z-section of the previous example was modified to consider the impact of altering the
geometry to achieve additional strength. The 8ZS2.25x059 was modified with two small web
stiffeners and the addition of a large radius corner and lip stiffener. The resulting cross-section,
illustrated in Figure 1 with Fy = 55 ksi, is not as easily “nest-able”, as the traditional sloping lip
Z-section, but if the flanges are made a slightly different width, nesting of the cross-sections
could still be practical. A model was developed in CUFSM results are shown in Error!
Reference source not found..
y
2.5”
Modfication of Z-section 8ZS2.25x059
0.88”
0.5625” 0.125”
Before After
0.46”
A= 0.822 0.830 in.2
Ix = 7.762 7.653 in.4
1 8.0” Iy = 1.079 1.044 in.4
x
Ixy = 2.086 2.054 in.4
= 74 74 º
2
I2 = 0.481 0.457 in.4
t = 0.059” I1 = 8.36 8.24 in.4
0.1875” J= 0.000954 0.000962 in.4
Cw = 12.5 11.8 in.6
Figure 1 Z-section with lips modified, finite strip model and gross properties
(pg. 28)
Comparison
2.5
1.5 Z-section (AISI 2002 Ex. I-10) Z-section modified
2
My =107.53kip-in. My =106.82kip-in.
1
1.5 Local Mcr/My =2.01
y
y
/M
/M
Local Mcr/My =0.85
cr
cr
Lateral-torsional
Lateral-torsional
M
M
Distortional Mcr/My =0.77 1
Distortional Mcr/My =0.98
0.5
0.5
0 0
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
half-wavelength (in.) half-wavelength (in.)
2
My=106.82kip-in.
y
/ M
My =107.53kip-in.
cr
Lateral-torsional
M
1
1
Distortional Mcr/My=0.98
y
/M
Lateral-torsional
M
0.5 0.5
0
0 1 2 3
0
10 10 10 10 0 1 2 3
half-wavelength (in.) 10 10 10 10
half-wavelength (in.)
(pg. 42)
Multiple modes
2
C-section with lips modified
1.8
after
1.6
before
1
dist. buckling
improved by
0.8
increased lip
0.6
0.2
(a) (b) (c)
0
0 1 2
10 10 10
half-wavelength (in.)
(pg. 46)
Global modes at short L
1
C-section with lips FSM analysis
0.9 Specification Equations
2 pt. fit to FSM
0.8 Pcre/Py
0.7
0.6
y
/P
0.5
cr
P
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1 KL
0
1 2 3
10 10 10
half-wavelength (in.)
(pg. 47)
DSM Design Guide
• Introduction
• Elastic Buckling
• Member elastic buckling
– examples
– overcoming difficulties
• Beam, Column, and Beam-Column Design
• Product Development
• Design Examples
Beam Chart
DSM beam chart for 8ZS2.25x059
120
Mne
100
Mnl
80 Mnd
bending capacity (kip-in.)
M n( L)
M ne( L)
60
M nl( L)
M nd( L)
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20
L
12
length (ft) (pg. 58)
AISI (2002) Design Manual
(pg. 61)
Column Chart
50
Pne
40
compression capacity (kip)
Pn( L)
Pne( L) 30
Pnd
Pnl( L)
Pnd( L)
20
Pnl
10
0
0 5 10 15 20
L
12
length (ft)
(pg. 64)
DSM Design Guide
• Introduction
• Elastic Buckling
• Member elastic buckling
– examples
– overcoming difficulties
• Beam, Column, and Beam-Column Design
• Product Development (later today)
• Design Examples
Design Examples
• C-section with lips,
• C-section with lips modified,
• C-section without lips (track section),
• C-section without lips (track section) modified,
• Z-section with lips,
• Z-section with lips modified,
• Equal leg angle with lips,
• Equal leg angle,
• Hat section,
• Wall panel section,
• Rack post section, and a
• Sigma section.
• Beam chart construction and Column Chart construction