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Wearing Course
BinderCourse`
Roadbase
Sub-base
Subgrade
Cracking
Cracking
Why cracking in asphalt surfacing
undesirable?
1. It allows surface water to penetrate into the
lower pavement layers, causing localised
weakening of the pavement structure.
2. It reduces the dynamic modulus of the
surfacing, making it less able to distribute
imposed traffic loads.
Possible Causes of Cracking
1. Excess fines in mixture.
2. Insufficient bitumen.
3. Insufficient compaction.
4. Improperly proportioned mixture.
5. Voids content too high.
6. Rolling when mixture too cold.
7. Overheating the bitumen.
8. Wet mixing time too long.
9. Improper joint preparation & construction.
10. Over Rolling - vibratory roller.
11. Too high amplitude - vibratory roller.
Rutting
Rutting
Why rutting in asphalt surfacing undesirable?
1. It creates an irregular road profile, thus
poor riding quality, dangerous to traffics.
2. It increases roughness, thus increases
vehicle operating costs.
3. It allows surface water to accumulate, thus
increases risk of skidding and aquaplaning,
and water infiltration into pavement
structure.
Possible Causes of Rutting
1. Excess bitumen.
2. Excess fines in mixture.
3. Improperly proportioned mixture.
4. Excessive tack coat.
5. Excessive segregation.
Skidding
Skidding
Porous Asphalt
Stone Mastic Asphalt
Component Of Asphalt
Aggregate
Filler
Bitumen
JKR KUARI BUKIT PENGGORAK, KUANTAN
PENETRATION TEST
100 gramme
needle
5 seconds
bitumen
at
25
degrees penetration
Celsius value
in 0.1 mm
Mix Design
Mix Design Requirements
1. Grading of combined aggregates + filler -
Table 4.8 JKR/SPJ.
2. Bitumen content - Table 4.9 JKR/SPJ.
3. Marshall method of mix design - Clause
4.2.4.3 JKR/SPJ.
4. Test parameters of Marshall specimens -
Table 4.10 JKR/SPJ.
5. Establish design aggregate grading and
bitumen content with tolerances in Table 4.11
JKR/SPJ.
Mix Design Requirements
1. Grading of combined aggregates + filler -
Table 4.8 JKR/SPJ.
2. Bitumen content - Table 4.9 JKR/SPJ.
3. Marshall method of mix design - Clause
4.2.4.3 JKR/SPJ.
4. Test parameters of Marshall specimens -
Table 4.10 JKR/SPJ.
5. Establish design aggregate grading and
bitumen content with tolerances in Table 4.11
JKR/SPJ.
Table 4.8 - Gradation Limits For Asphaltic
Concrete
SPECIFICATION
50 5 52-72
40
3.35 45-62
30
20 1.18 30-45
10 0.425 17-30
0
0.010
0.150
0.100 1.000
7-16
10.000 100.000
0.075 Sieve Size mm 4-10
Mix Design Requirements
1. Grading of combined aggregates + filler -
Table 4.8 JKR/SPJ.
2. Bitumen content - Table 4.9 JKR/SPJ.
3. Marshall method of mix design - Clause
4.2.4.3 JKR/SPJ.
4. Test parameters of Marshall specimens -
Table 4.10 JKR/SPJ.
5. Establish design aggregate grading and
bitumen content with tolerances in Table 4.11
JKR/SPJ.
Mix Design Requirements
1. Grading of combined aggregates + filler -
Table 4.8 JKR/SPJ.
2. Bitumen content - Table 4.9 JKR/SPJ.
3. Marshall method of mix design - Clause
4.2.4.3 JKR/SPJ.
4. Test parameters of Marshall specimens -
Table 4.10 JKR/SPJ.
5. Establish design aggregate grading and
bitumen content with tolerances in Table 4.11
JKR/SPJ.
Table 4.9 - Design Bitumen Contents
MS 535
Specification for asphaltic concrete for road
pavement and airfield runway by the Marshall test
method.
Asphalt Institute MS-2
Mix design methods for asphalt concrete.
Mix Design Requirements
1. Grading of combined aggregates + filler -
Table 4.8 JKR/SPJ.
2. Bitumen content - Table 4.9 JKR/SPJ.
3. Marshall method of mix design - Clause
4.2.4.3 JKR/SPJ.
4. Test parameters of Marshall specimens -
Table 4.10 JKR/SPJ.
5. Establish design aggregate grading and
bitumen content with tolerances in Table 4.11
JKR/SPJ.
Table 4.10 - Test Parameters For
Asphaltic Concrete
Parameter WC BC
Stability S > 500 kg > 450 kg
Flow F > 2.0 mm > 2.0 mm
Stiffness S/F >250 kg/mm >225 kg/mm
Air voids in mix 3.0 - 5.0 % 3.0 - 7.0 %
VFB 75 - 85 % 65 - 80 %
Mix Design Requirements
1. Grading of combined aggregates + filler -
Table 4.8 JKR/SPJ.
2. Bitumen content - Table 4.9 JKR/SPJ.
3. Marshall method of mix design - Clause
4.2.4.3 JKR/SPJ.
4. Test parameters of Marshall specimens -
Table 4.10 JKR/SPJ.
5. Establish design aggregate grading and
bitumen content with tolerances in Table 4.11
JKR/SPJ.
Table 4.11 - Tolerances For Asphaltic
Concrete Mixes
Parameter Permissible Variation
% by weight of total mix
•Bitumen content. +/- 0.2 %
•Fractions of combined
aggregate passing 5.0
mm and larger sieves. +/- 5.0 %
•Fractions of combined
aggregate passing 3.35
mm and 1.18 mm sieves. +/- 4.0 %
•Fractions of combined
aggregate passing 425
µm and 150 µm sieves. +/- 3.0 %
•Fraction of combined
aggregate passing 75
µm sieve. +/- 2.0 %
Trial Lay
A minimum of 10 tons of each mix shall be placed
in trial areas to demonstrate to the satisfaction of
S.O. that the mixing, laying and compacting
equipment conforms to the requirements of the
specification, and that the proposed mixes are
satisfactory.
1. Rollers.
2. Paver.
3. Trial site.
4. Tests on premix sample :
Binder content & aggregate grading.
Theoretical maximum specific gravity.
Prepare Marshall specimens.
Specific gravity, volumetric properties,
Marshall stability and flow of Marshall
specimens.
Trial Lay - Continue
5. Record temperatures of premix on lorry, at
plant and site.
6. Record laying temperatures.
7. Record laying thickness.
8. Check texture of paved surface.
9. Record rolling temperatures.
10. Record rolling pattern.
11. Check texture and condition of compacted
surface.
12. Record compacted thickness and density from
core samples.
13. Check consistency in production.
14. Check at least one longitudinal joint.
Temperature Of Bitumen < 177 C (350 F)
Each aggregate shall be stored in a separate
stockpile. Stockpiles of sand and other fine
aggregates shall be kept dry using waterproof
covers or other means.
Aggregate Stockpile
Aggregate Grading Test
Sample quantity:
> 20 mm (eg. ACB28) - minimum 24 kg.
< 20 mm (eg. ACW20) - minimum 16 kg.