Chapter 5

Energy, Work, Power

 Science Essay due

• On separate sheet, include a work cited of your source

material

• Utilize primary (recommended) and secondary documents

that provide factual information : 5 sources or more

• All scholarly, scientific sources

• Attribute quotes and any ideas that are not your own
within the body of the essay (in text citations)
 Good places to find scholarly
science articles:
• http://www.calstatela.edu/library/

• http://www.omicsonline.org/scientific-journals.php

• http://www.sciencedaily.com/

• https://scholar.google.com/

• http://www.jstor.org/

• https://doaj.org

• Use the search filters:

• Search for articles that can be read online or have the pdf (full version available)

• Search in science journals

• Search for resent articles (past 10 years)

 Resources for Finding and
Accessing Scientific Papers
• http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-
projects/top_science-
fair_finding_scientific_papers.shtml
 Physics Final
It will Includes Chapter 5
Similar Format as other Tests
• Period 1 & 2 Monday December 19th

• Period 3 & 4 Tuesday December 20th

• Period 5 & 6 Wednesday December 21st

• Winter Break starts Thursday December 22 until January 9th

 Work and Energy
audiokinetic sculpture

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dJv7arn2lY
Chapter 5: Work, Energy,
Power
 Objectives
• .

• Calculate the work done in joules for situations

involving force and distance.

• Give examples of energy and transformation of

energy from one form to another.

• Calculate potential and kinetic energy.

• Apply the law of energy conservation to systems

involving potential and kinetic energy.
 Todays objective

• Recognize the difference between the scientific and

ordinary definitions of work.

• Define work by relating it to force and

displacement.

• Identify where work is being performed in a

variety of situations.

• Calculate the net work done when many forces are

applied to an object.
 Work
• In physics, work has a
very specific meaning.

• In physics, work
represents a
measurable change in
a system, caused by a
force.
 WORK
Physical Symbols Units Brief Definition
Quantities
Work W Joule: J A form of mechanical
energy transfer.
In order to accomplish work on an object
there must be a force exerted on the
object and it must move in the direction
of the force.
 Work
• If you push a box with a force of one newton for a
distance of one meter, you have done exactly one
joule of work.
Work (force is parallel to distance)

Force (N)

Work (joules) W=Fxd

Distance (m)
Work (force at angle to distance)
Force (N)

Work (joules) W = Fd cos (q) Angle

Distance (m)
When a force does no work
 Work done against gravity
Mass (kg)

Height object raised (m)

Work (joules) W = mgh
Gravity (m/sec2)
1) A tugboat pulls a ship with a constant net horizontal
force of 5.00 × 103 N and causes the ship to move
through a harbor. How much work is done on the ship
if it moves a distance of 3.00 km?
2) A weight lifter lifts a set of weights a vertical distance
of 2.00 m. If a constant net force of 350 N is exerted
on the weights, what is the net work done on the
weights?
3) A shopper in a supermarket pushes a cart with a force
of 35 N directed at an angle of 25° downward from
the horizontal. Find the work done by the shopper on
the cart as the shopper moves along a 50.0 m length
of aisle.
4) If 2.0 J of work is done in raising a 180 g apple, how
far is it lifted?
1) For each of the following cases, indicate whether
the work done on the second object in each
example will have a positive or a negative value.

a. The road exerts a friction force on a speeding car

skidding to a stop.

b. A rope exerts a force on a bucket as the bucket is

raised up a well.

c. Air exerts a force on a parachute as the parachutist

falls to Earth.
1) For each of the following cases, indicate whether
the work done on the second object in each
example will have a positive or a negative value.

a. The road exerts a friction force on a speeding car

skidding to a stop. negative

b. A rope exerts a force on a bucket as the bucket is

raised up a well. positive

c. Air exerts a force on a parachute as the parachutist

falls to Earth. negative
2) If a neighbor pushes a lawnmower four times
as far as you do but exerts only half the force,
which one of you does more work and by how
much?
2) If a neighbor pushes a lawnmower four times
as far as you do but exerts only half the force,
which one of you does more work and by how
much?
• Neighbor , 2 times as much
• W=(1/2 F)( 4 x d )
• W= 2 (Fd)
• 2W
 Warm UP

1)Give an example of something we think of as work

in everyday circumstances that is not work in the
scientific sense. Is energy transferred or changed in
form in your example? If so, explain how this is
accomplished without doing work.
2)Give an example of a situation in which there is a
force and a displacement, but the force does no work.
Explain why it does no work.
3) Describe a situation in which a force is exerted for a
long time but does no work. Explain.
A worker pushes a 1.50 × 103 N crate with a
horizontal force of 345 N a distance of 24.0
m. Assume the coefficient of kinetic friction
between the crate and the floor is 0.220.

a. How much work is done by the worker on the

crate?

b. How much work is done by the floor on the crate?

c. What is the net work done on the crate?

A 0.075 kg ball in a kinetic sculpture moves at a
constant speed along a motorized vertical conveyor
belt. The ball rises 1.32 m above the ground. A
constant frictional force of 0.350 N acts in the
direction opposite the conveyor belt’s motion.

• What is the net work done on the ball?

• https://archive.org/details/The_Mechanical_Unive
rse_and_Beyond_13_Conservation_of_Energy
 Section 2 Energy
Chapter 5
Objectives
• Identify several forms of energy.

• Calculate kinetic energy for an object.

• Apply the work–kinetic energy theorem to solve

problems.

• Distinguish between kinetic and potential energy.

• Classify different types of potential energy.

• Calculate the potential energy associated with an

object’s position.
 WORK, ENERGY &
POWER
• https://science360.gov/obj/video/c5be5456-2e39-
49a7-8118-218868df89eb/work-energy-power

• The slapshot is one of the fastest projectiles in team

sports. In order to generate a 100 mile-per-hour (160
kph) slapper, NHL players depend on three
important physics concepts: work, energy and
power.
 Different forms of energy
• Mechanical energy is the energy possessed by an object
due to its motion or its position.
• Radiant energy includes light, microwaves, radio waves,
x-rays, and other forms of electromagnetic waves.
• Nuclear energy is released when heavy atoms in matter
are split up or light atoms are put together.
• The electrical energy we use is derived from other
sources of energy.
The workings of the universe can be
viewed as energy flowing from one
place to another and changing back
and forth from one form to another.
 Kinetic Energy ( KE )
• Energy of motion is called kinetic energy.
• The kinetic energy of a moving object depends on two things:
mass and speed.
• Kinetic energy is proportional to mass.
 Kinetic Energy (KE)
• Mathematically, kinetic energy increases as the square of
speed.
• If the speed of an object doubles, its kinetic energy
increases four times (mass is constant).
 Kinetic Energy
Mass (kg)

Kinetic Energy KE = 1 mv2 Speed (m/sec)

(joules)
2
 Kinetic Energy
Practice
1. Calculate ] the speed of an 8.0×104 kg airliner with a kinetic energy of
1.1×109J.

2. What is the speed of a 0.145 kg base ball if its kinetic energy is109 J ?

3. Two bullets have masses of 3.0 g and 6.0 g, respectively. Both are fired
with a speed of 40.0 m/s. a)Which bullet has more kinetic energy?
B)What is the ratio of their kinetic energies?

4. Two 3.0 g bullets are fired with speeds of 40.0m/s and 80.0 m/s ,
respectively. What are their kinetic energies? Which bullet has more
kinetic energy? What is the ratio of their kinetic energies?

5. A car has a kinetic energy of 4.32×105J when traveling at a speed of 23

m/s. What is its mass?
 Kinetic Energy
• Kinetic energy becomes important in calculating braking
distance.
 Warm Up
Stamping the thesis statement & outline

• Explain in your world the meaning of the formula

Wnet = ∆KE
What does this formula tell us?

Give an example
1) We know from the study of Newton's laws that net
force causes acceleration. We will see in this section
that work done by the net force gives a system
energy of motion, Wnet = ∆KE
 Section 2 Energy
Chapter 5
Kinetic Energy, continued

• Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem

• The net work done by all the forces acting on an
object is equal to the ∆ change in the object’s
kinetic energy.

• The net work done on a body equals its change in

kinetic energy.
Wnet = ∆KE
net work = change in kinetic energy
 The formula for kinetic
energy
• A force (F) is applied to mass (m) and
creates acceleration (a).
• After a distance (d), the ball has reached speed (v),
therefore the work done is its mass times acceleration time
distance:
• W= fd = (ma) x d = mad
• Also: d = ½ at2
• Replace d in the equation for work, combine similar terms:
• W= ma (½ at2) = ½ ma2t2
• Also: v = at, so v2 = a2t2
• Replace a2t2 by v2 shows that the resulting work is the
formula for kinetic energy:
• W = ½ mv2
 Calculating kinetic energy
A car with a mass of 1,300 kg is going straight ahead at a speed
of 30 m/s (67 mph). The brakes can supply a force of 9,500 N.
Calculate:
a) The kinetic energy of the car.
b) The distance it takes to stop.
1. You are asked for kinetic energy and stopping distance
2. You are given mass, speed and force of brakes.
3. Use KE = 1/2mv2 and W= Fd
4. Solve for KE = ½ (1,300 kg) ( 30 m/s)2 = 585,000 J
• To stop the car, work done by brakes = KE of car, so W = KE
• Solve for distance = W / F = 585,000 J / 9,500 N = 62 m
 Section 2 Energy
Chapter 5

Sample Problem
Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem

On a frozen pond, a person kicks a 10.0 kg sled,

giving it an initial speed of 2.2 m/s. How far does
the sled move if the coefficient of kinetic friction
between the sled and the ice is 0.10?
 Section 2 Energy
Chapter 5
Sample Problem,
continued
Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem

1. Define

Given:
m = 10.0 kg
vi = 2.2 m/s
vf = 0 m/s
µk = 0.10

Unknown:
d=?
 Section 2 Energy
Chapter 5
Sample Problem,
continued
Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem

2. Plan

Choose an equation or situation: This problem

can be solved using the definition of work and
the work-kinetic energy theorem.
Wnet = Fnetd

The net work done on the sled is provided by

the force of kinetic friction.
Wnet = Fkdcosq = µkmgd
 Section 2 Energy
Chapter 5
Sample Problem,
continued
Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
2. Plan, continued
The force of kinetic friction is in the direction opposite d, q
= 180°. Because the sled comes to rest, the final kinetic
energy is zero.
Wnet = ∆KE = KEf - KEi = –(1/2)mvi2
Use the work-kinetic energy theorem, and solve for d.

1
– mv i2 = mk mgd cosq
2
–v i2
d=
2mk g cosq
 Section 2 Energy
Chapter 5
Sample Problem,
continued
Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem

3. Calculate

Substitute values into the equation:

(–2.2 m/s)2
d=
2(0.10)(9.81 m/s2 )(cos180°)
d = 2.5 m
Work–Kinetic Energy Theorem
Practice
 Section 2 Energy
Chapter 5
Potential Energy
• Potential Energy is the energy associated with an
object because of the position, shape, or condition of
the object.

• Gravitational potential energy is the potential

energy stored in the gravitational fields of interacting
bodies.

• Gravitational potential energy depends on height

from a zero level.
PEg = mgh
gravitational PE = mass  free-fall acceleration  height
 Potential Energy

• Objects that have potential energy do not use the

energy until they move.

• An object’s potential energy comes from the

gravity of Earth.

• Technically, energy from height is called

gravitational potential energy.

• Other forms of potential energy also exist, such as

potential energy stored in springs.
 Potential Energy
Mass (kg)

Potential Energy PE = mgh Height (m)

(joules)
Acceleration
of gravity (m/sec2)
 Calculating potential energy
A cart with a mass of 102 kg is pushed up a ramp.
The top of the ramp is 4 meters higher than the
bottom. How much potential energy is gained by
the cart? If an average student can do 50 joules of
work each second, how much time does it take to
get up the ramp?

1. You are asked for potential energy and time.

2. You are given mass, height and work done per second.
3. Use: PE = mgh.
4. Solve for PE = (102 kg) (9.8 N/kg) (4 m) = 3,998 J.
5. At a rate fof 50 J/s, it takes 80 s to push the cart up the
ramp.
 GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY
PEg = mgh
gravitational potential energy = mass × free-fall acceleration × height

• 1. A 40.0 kg child is in a swing that is attached to ropes

2.00 m long. Find the gravitational potential energy
associated with the child relative to the child’s lowest
position under the following conditions:

• a. when the ropes are horizontal

• b. when the ropes make a 30.0° angle with the

vertical

• c. at the bottom of the circular arc

1. A 40.0 kg child is in a swing that is attached to ropes 2.00 m long. Find the
gravitational potential energy associated with the child relative to the child’s lowest
position under the following conditions:
a. when the ropes are horizontal
b. when the ropes make a 30.0° angle with the vertical
c. at the bottom of the circular arc
 Chapter 5 Section 3 Conservation of Energy

Objectives
• Identify situations in which conservation of
mechanical energy is valid.

• Recognize the forms that conserved energy can

take.

• Solve problems using conservation of mechanical

energy.
Energy and Conservation of Energy
• Energy describes a system’s ability to cause change.
• A system that has energy has the ability to do work.
• Energy is measured in the same units as work because
energy is transferred during the action of work.
 Section 3 Conservation of
Chapter 5 Energy

Conserved Quantities

• When we say that something is conserved, we mean

that it remains constant.
 Section 3 Conservation of
Chapter 5 Energy

Mechanical Energy

• Mechanical energy is the sum of kinetic energy

and all forms of potential energy associated with
an object or group of objects.
ME = KE + ∑PE

• Mechanical energy is often conserved.

MEi = MEf
initial mechanical energy = final mechanical energy (in
the absence of friction)
 Section 3 Conservation of
Chapter 5 Energy

Sample Problem

Conservation of Mechanical Energy

Starting from rest, a child zooms down a

frictionless slide from an initial height of 3.00 m.
What is her speed at the bottom of the slide?
Assume she has a mass of 25.0 kg.
 Section 3 Conservation of
Chapter 5
Sample Problem,
Energy

continued
Conservation of Mechanical Energy

1. Define

Given:
h = hi = 3.00 m
m = 25.0 kg
vi = 0.0 m/s
hf = 0 m

Unknown:
vf = ?
 Section 3 Conservation of
Chapter 5
Sample Problem,
Energy

continued
Conservation of Mechanical Energy

2. Plan

Choose an equation or situation: The slide is

frictionless, so mechanical energy is conserved.
Kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy are
the only forms of energy 1present.
KE = mv 2
2
PE = mgh
 Section 3 Conservation of
Chapter 5
Sample Problem,
Energy

continued
Conservation of Mechanical Energy

2. Plan, continued

The zero level chosen for gravitational potential

energy is the bottom of the slide. Because the child
ends at the zero level, the final gravitational potential
energy is zero.
PEg,f = 0
 Section 3 Conservation of
Chapter 5
Sample Problem,
Energy

continued
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
2. Plan, continued
The initial gravitational potential energy at the top of
the slide is
PEg,i = mghi = mgh

Because the child starts at rest, the initial kinetic

energy at the top is zero. 1
KEi = 0 KE f = mv 2
f
2
Therefore, the final kinetic energy is as follows:
 Section 3 Conservation of
Chapter 5
Sample Problem,
Energy

continued
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
3. Calculate
Substitute values into the equations:
PEg,i = (25.0 kg)(9.81 m/s2)(3.00 m) = 736 J
KEf = (1/2)(25.0 kg)vf2

Now use the calculated quantities to evaluate the

final velocity.
MEi = MEf
PEi + KEi = PEf + KEf
736 J + 0 J = 0 J + (0.500)(25.0 kg)vf2
vf = 7.67 m/s
 Section 3 Conservation of
Chapter 5
Sample Problem,
Energy

continued
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
4. Evaluate

The expression for the square of the final speed can

2mgh
be written as follows:
vf =
2
= 2gh
m
Notice that the masses cancel, so the final speed
does not depend on the mass of the child. This
result makes sense because the acceleration of an
object due to gravity does not depend on the mass
of the object.
Due page 4 and 5
20 minutes
 Section 3 Conservation of
Chapter 5 Energy

Mechanical Energy,
continued• Mechanical Energy is
not conserved in the
presence of friction.

• As a sanding block
slides on a piece of
wood, energy (in the
form of heat) is
dissipated into the
block and surface.
 5.3) CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY
MEi = MEf
initial mechanical energy = final mechanical energy (in the absence of
friction)
1 mv2i + mghi = 1 mv2f + mghf

•1. A bird is flying with a speed of 18.0 m/s over water when it accidentally drops a 2.00 kg fish. If the altitude of the bird is
5.40 m and friction is disregarded, what is the speed of the fish when it hits the water?

•2. A 755 N diver drops from a board 10.0 m above the water’s surface. Find the diver’s speed 5.00 m above the water’s surface.
Then find the diver’s speed just before striking the water.

•3. If the diver in item 2 leaves the board with an initial upward speed of 2.00 m/s, find the diver’s speed when striking the
water.

•4. An Olympic runner leaps over a hurdle. If the runner’s initial vertical speed is 2.2 m/s, how much will the runner’s center of
mass be raised during the jump?

•5. A pendulum bob is released from some initial height such that the speed of the bob at the bottom of the swing is
1.9 m/s. What is the initial height of the bob?
Warm Up

• A 3-car roller-coaster has a fully loaded mass of

6240 kg. The first hill is 28 m.

A. How much work does the drive motor do to lift it to

the top of the first hill ?

B. If the roller-coaster just barely makes it over the first

hill, how fast is it going at the bottom?
• 30 minutes– finishing chapter 5 ( power)

• Last part of the class – peer review of the draft

• Friday- review for the final / work on the essay

• Next week office hours after school

• Essay due at @ 11 pm turnitin.com

 POWER

• Horsepower was first Used by James Watt, employed it to compare the

power of steam engine with that of horses.
 Section 4 Power
Chapter 5
Objectives

• Relate the concepts of energy, time, and power.

• Calculate power in two different ways.

• Explain the effect of machines on work and

power.
 Section 4 Power
Chapter 5
Rate of Energy Transfer

• Power is a quantity that measures the rate at

which work is done or energy is transformed.
P = W/∆t
power = work ÷ time interval

• An alternate equation for power in terms of force

and speed is
P = Fv
power = force  speed
 Example

• A193 kg curtain needs to be raised 7.5m,

at constant speed, in as close to 5.0 s as
possible. The power ratings for three
motors are listed as 1.0 kW, 3.5 kW, and
5.5 kW. Which motor is best for the job?
 A193kgcurtainneedstoberaised7.5m, at constant speed, in as
close to 5.0 s as possible. The power ratings for three motors are
listed as 1.0 kW, 3.5 kW, and 5.5 kW. Which motor is best for
the job?
 Law of Conservation of Energy
• As energy takes different forms and changes things by
doing work, nature keeps perfect track of the total.

• No new energy is created and no existing energy is

destroyed.
Energy in a closed system

• The conservation of energy is most useful when it

is applied to a closed system.

• Because of the conservation of energy, the total

amount of matter and energy in your system stays
the same forever.
 Energy in a closed system

• The total energy in the system is the potential energy of the

ball at the start.

• Later, the ball is at a lower height (h) moving with speed (v)
and has both potential and kinetic energy.
 Hydroelectric Power

• Every day in the United States the average person uses

about 90 million joules of electrical energy.

• This energy comes from many sources, including burning

coal, gas and oil, nuclear power, and hydroelectric power.

 In hydroelectric power, the potential

energy of falling water is converted
to electricity.
 No air pollution is produced, nor
hazardous wastes created.