Sarah Mae G.

Castaneda
Amly O. Gaurano
BSA IV-1
 Homans (1950) defines a group as a
collection of two or more persons who are in
social interaction who are guided by similar
norms , values, and expectations, and who
maintain a stable pattern of relations over a
period of time.
 Donald Light (1958) defines a group as
a set of individuals who identify and
interact with one another in a structured
way based on shared values and goals.
 Social group
 is a unit of interacting personalities with
interdependence of roles and statuses existing
between and among themselves.

 Social organization
 refers to a type of collectivity established for the
pursuit of specific aims or goals, characterized
by a formal structure of rules, authority
relations, a division of labor and limited
membership of admission (Jarry, D. 1995)
 Aggregates
 Refers to cluster of people who may be on close physical
proximity but do not interact with one another.

 Collectivity
 Refers to a cluster of people interacting with one another
in a passing or short-lived manner.

 Social category
 Refers to a collection of people who are classified or
categorized in accordance with some status characteristics
( ex. Sex, race, age & religion)
1. Group members interact on a fairly regular
basis through communication.
2. The members of the group develop a structure
where each member assumes a specific status
and adopts a particular role
3. The members of the group agree to some
extent on important norms, goals, and values.
4. The members of the group feels a sense of
identity.
1. According to Social ties:

a.) Primary Group

 Most fundamental unit of human society
 Is a long lasting group whose members have intimate,
personal, continuous face-to-face relationships.

b.) Secondary Group

 It refers to the groups with which individual comes in
contact later in life.
2. According to self-identification

a) In-Group
 It is a social unit in which individuals feel at home and with
which they identify.

b) Out-group
 It is a social unit in which individuals do not belong due to
differences in certain social characteristics and with which they
do not identify.

c) Reference group or psychological group

 It refers to the groups to which we consciously or
unconsciously refer when we try to evaluate our own life
situations and behavior, but to which we do not necessary
belong.
3. According to purpose

a) Special interest group

 Refers to groups which are organized to make the special
interest of the members.

b) Task group
 Refers to groups assigned to accomplish jobs which cannot e
done by one person.

c) Influence or pressure groups

 Refers to groups organized to support or influence social
actions.
4. According to geographical location and degree
or quality of relationship

a) Gemeinschaft
 Refers to a social system in which most relationship
are personal or traditional.

b) Gesselschaft
 Refers to a social system in which most relationship
are impersonal, formal, contractual or bargain-like.
5. According to form of organization

a) Formal groups
 Also called social groups
 They are deliberately formed, and their purpose and
objectives are explicitly defined.
 Bureaucracy refers to hierarchical arrangement in large-
scale formal organizations in which parts of the
organization are ordered in the manner of a pyramid based
on a division of function and authority.

b) Informal groups
 An informal groups arises spontaneously out of interactions
of two or more persons
 It is unplanned
1. Democratic or “participate” leadership is
employed.
2. Flexible patterns of communication are used.
3. A cooperative problem-solving approach to
discussion is employed than a competitive
“win-lose” approach.
4. Members deal openly and candidly with one
another.
5. Decision techniques which favors a sharing of
responsibility
 Group Dynamics refers to processes or
recurrent patterns of interaction in a social
group.
1. Group size
 Size is a limiting condition on the amount and
quality of interaction and communication that can
occur among individuals.

2. Type of group goals

 A group will develop structural forms or
arrangement that will facilitate the attainment of its
goal; inversely, it will block structural forms that
will slow down the pursuit of its goal
3. Motivational base shared by individuals
 People bound by mutual or shared interest, common goals,
expectations, or even the pursuit of nefarious activities
organized themselves and secure result through group
concerted action.

4. The kind of group cohesion

 Group cohesion refers to the degree to which the members of
the group have the ability to function and interact together
towards the pursuit of their goals ( Santos, 1984 ).

5. Social conformity
 Members of the group evolve group norms and conform to
them to achieve goals.
6. Group decision-making
 Whatever the group’s composition or the task at hand,
the group typically goes through four distinct stages in
arriving at its choices:
a) Orientation.
b) Evaluation.
c) Reaching a decision
d) Restoring equilibrium.

7. Leadership
 It is the process of influencing the activities of
individuals in a group towards the attainment of group
goals in a given situation.
 The success or failure of an organization is largely
dependent upon the effectiveness of its leader.

 Leadership
 is a process by which a person influences others to
accomplish an objective and directs the organization in a
way that makes it more cohesive and coherent.

 Leader
 The one who knows the way, shows the way, and leads
the way.
 Groups need leaders for two basic purposes:
 To direct various task
 Providing support to group members

 Task leadership
 The act of directing a group toward its goal

 Socio-emotional leadership
 The act of maintaining good spirits
1. Functional leadership
 The functional leader need not occupy a vantage
position but he is accepted by the group because he
wields influences on the thinking and behavior of
the members.
 Emerging leadership

2. Status leadership
 The status leader occupies a position of authority
such as the manager, director, principal or
supervisor.
3. Task-oriented leadership
 A task-oriented leader is a production-oriented and
gives emphasis to the needs and goals of the
organization.

4. Relationship or person- oriented leadership

 A person-oriented leaders stresses building and
maintaining good personal relations between
himself and his followers.
5. Transactional leadership
 A transactional leader scores both on task and
relationships.

6. Authoritarian leadership
 The authoritarian leader decides on the goals to be
achieved and prescribes how this is to be achieved.

7. Democratic leadership
 A democratic leader engages in cooperating
planning.
7. Tradition-oriented leadership
 A tradition-oriented leader clings tenaciously to
established practices and norms and perceives
change with no little apprehension and distrust.

8. Development-oriented leadership
 A develop-oriented leader conceives change as a
component of development, making sure that
whatever changes are adopted shall improve the
delivery system of the organization, and
consequently the organizational product.