INTRODUCTION

TO STATISTICS
SESSION 2
DR.SUNAYANA SWAIN
Overview

 Types of data contd…

i. Time series data

ii. Cross sectional data
iii. Panel data

 Important sources of secondary data in India

Time series data (TS)

 An ordered sequence of values of a variable at equally

spaced time intervals

 Are a collection of observations of well-defined data

items obtained through repeated measurements over
time

 Data collected irregularly or only once are not time

series
Contd…

 Eg. Economic variables such as a stock index or the

unemployment rate, the observations often occur daily
or monthly

 Exchange rate

 GDP time series

 Tectonic plates movement

What time series do?
 Describes how some index or measurement varies over time

 Indication of any underlying trend that may be present

 Helps us in making predictions assuming that the patterns we

see in past data will continue into the future

 Helps us in identifying change within a population over time

 Show the impact of cyclical, seasonal, & irregular events on the

data item being measured
types
 Can be classified into two types:

i. continuous- where we have an observation at every instant of

time e.g. lie detectors, electrocardiograms, X(t)
ii. Discrete- where we have an observation at regularly spaced
intervals, Xt

Examples- weekly share prices, monthly profits, daily rainfall, wind

speed, temperature, crime figures, employment figures
Cross sectional data (CS)

 Collected by observing many subjects such as individuals, firms,

countries, or regions at the same point of time, or without
regard to differences in time

 Compares the differences among the subjects or a cross section

of a study population

 Can be used in cross-sectional regression

Panel data

 Combination of TS and CS data

 Looks at multiple subjects and how they change over

the course of time

 Multi-dimensional data frequently involving

measurements over time

 Contain observations of multiple phenomena obtained

over multiple time periods for the same subjects (eg.
Firms, individuals)
Contd…

 Eg. Korean Labor and Income Panel Study

 Chinese Family Panel Studies

 National Longitudinal Surveys

 British Household Panel Survey

 Indian sources
SOURCES OF SECONDARY DATA
IN INDIA
 Census of India- a decennial publication of the Govt of
India
 Published by Registrar General & Census Commissioner ,
India
 Relates to population size & various aspects of demographic
changes in India
 It includes statistics on
i. Size, growth rate and distribution of population
ii. Population Projections
iii. Density of Population
iv. Sex composition
v. State of literacy
National Sample survey organization
(NSSO)
 Govt organization under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme
Implementation
 Regular sample surveys conducted to collect basic statistical
information related to variety of economic activity in rural &
urban areas
 Provides info on
i. Land & livestock holdings
ii. Housing conditions & migration
iii. Employment & unemployment status
iv. Consumer expenditure across population
v. Sources of household income
Central statistical organization

 Comes under Ministry of Statistics and Programme

Implementation (MOSPI) & headed by Director General
 Functions-
i. Coordinates statistical activities of the states & UTs
ii. Compilation & release of national accounts statistics
iii. Annual Survey of Industries
iv. Economic Censuses
v. Index of Industrial Production
vi. Human Development Statistics
vii. Gender Statistics
National Family Health Survey
 Is a large-scale, multi-round survey conducted in representative
sample of households throughout India (1992-93)
 Provides info on fertility, infant & child mortality, the practice of
family planning, maternal & child health, reproductive health,
nutrition m anaemia, utilization & quality of health & family
planning services

 Works with Ministry of Health & Family Welfare and other

agencies for policy & programme purposes