Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Josef Fürst
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2
Learning objectives
Outline
Introduction
Geometric overlay
Analysis in attribute space
Integrated analysis of spatial and thematic data
Raster-GIS functions
Example: Delineation of hydrologically similar areas
Summary
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Introduction
Geometric overlay
Geometric overlay
Topological fragmentation
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query,
generalisation,
calculation.
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Query
Analysis in attribute
space
Generalisation
Analysis in attribute
space
Generalisation
Analysis in attribute
space
Calculations
Analysis in attribute
space
Operations:
• arithmetic,
• mathematical (funktions) and
• logical (binary)
E.g.: Amount of groundwater = Thickness x porosity
SQL DBMS like Oracle or MS Access such attributes
are commonly stored in a „view“ or „query“
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Integrated analysis of spatial and
thematic data
The focus of GIS
Power of analytical functions and software
architecture varies
• Wide range from specialised modules for catchment
analysis (e.g., WMS) to libraries of elementary general
purpose spatial operators
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Classification
Integrated analysis
Measure
Integrated analysis
Overlays (Intersection)
Integrated analysis
Overlays (Intersection)
Integrated analysis
3 3
D u r c h w u r z e lu n g s t ie f e [ c m ] B o d e n fe u c h te [% ]
W T ID W T IE F E Root depth B F ID B F E U C H T E Soil moisture
1 50 1 23
2 75 3 34
3 89 2 18
In te rs e c t
Water available for plants
1 /1 2 /2 P fla n z e n v e r fü g b a r e s W a s s e r [m m ]
P W A S S E R = W T IE F E * B F E U C H T E / 1 0
2 /1 W T ID W T IE F E B F ID B F E U C H T E P W A S S E R
1 50 1 23 115
3 /3 2 75 1 23 173
3 /1 2 75 2 18 135
3 89 1 23 205
3 /2 3 89 3 34 303
3 89 2 18 160
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Overlays (Intersection)
Integrated analysis
3 3
D u r c h w u r z e lu n g s t ie f e [ c m ] B o d e n fe u c h te [% ]
W T ID W T IE F E
1 50
Root depth B F ID B F E U C H T E
1 23
Soil moisture
2 75 3 34
3 89 2 18
In te rs e c t
Root depth > 80 AND Moisture < 20
1 /1 2 /2 T ie f e D u r c h w u r z e lu n g , g e r in g e F e u c h te
W T IE F E > 8 0 A N D B F E U C H T E < 2 0
2 /1 W T ID W T IE F E B F ID B F E U C H T E
1 50 1 23
3 /3 2 75 1 23
3 /1 2 75 2 18
3 89 1 23
3 /2 3 89 3 34
3 89 2 18
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Overlays (Intersection)
Integrated analysis
Overlays (Intersection)
Integrated analysis
Surface operations
Integrated analysis
Connectivity
Integrated analysis
Connectivity
Integrated analysis
contiguity:
• E.g: nature reserve should contain forest, swamp and
rivers, min. size 400 km2 and nowhere narrower than
10 km.
Bodenbedeckung Zusammenhängende Flächen
Wald Acker
Sumpf Fluss
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Connectivity
Integrated analysis
proximity:
• E.g.: buffer zones near rivers: width depends on land
cover
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Connectivity
Integrated analysis
proximity:
• E.g: Thiessen-Polygons: raster based assign
proximity, vector based line of symmetry
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Connectivity
Integrated analysis
a ld
• Movement of resources 2 2
a is t
1
Fe l
1
• Strahler order 1
da
3
is t
2
1
3 2
A is t
3
7
D ona u 7
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Raster-GIS functions
Local functions
• Only one cell, neighbouring cells do not influence result
Focal functions
• Result for a cell is based on neighbourhood cells (linear
filter, mean, median, standard deviation )
Zonal functions
• Evaluated for a zone, i.e. for all cells with a common
value
Global functions
• Calculations for the whole grid (distances, delineation of
catchments)
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Example: Delineation of hydrological
response units
Semi-distributed conceptual models with HRU
concept (e.g. PRMS)
Important steps:
• Selection of input data: 5 layers, DEM (slope, aspect),
land use, soil, geology
• classification input data into small number of categories
(3-6).
• Overlay of input layers.
• Reduction of the resulting number of unique attribute
combinations (HRU) by analysis and classification in
DBMS
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HRU using
1 1 K la s s e n
B odenbedeckung
W a ld , G r a s ,
v e g e ta tio n s fr e i
O v e r la y
Z o n e n ( H R U ) f ü r B ila n z m o d e ll
O v e r la y a u s k la s s if iz ie r t e m D H M ,
B o d e n b e d e c k u n g , E in z u g s -
g e b ie ts g r e n z e n
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Summary
Analysis of spatial data is the most important function
of GIS
Single-layer analysis is done within 1 layer
Multi-layer analysis
• Transform into single-layer problem by geometric-
topological intersection 1:M relationship between
object and attributes.
Analyses in attribute space include query,
generalisation and calculations based on the
attributes only
Integrated analysis of spatial and attribut data
involves attributes, location and topology
selection, classification and measure, overlay
(intersection), surface operations, analysis of spatial
connectivity