Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
and DT
Dr. Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi
Electronics & Telecommunication
Engineering, NIT, Raipur
The Convolution Integral
Convolution operation given symbol ‘*’
y (t ) xt * h(t ) x h t d
h(
Graphical Interpretation of
Convolution Integral
h(-
h(
t
h(t-
x(
a t
Overlay input function x(t) and integrate over times where functions
overlap - in this case between a and t
Graphical Interpretation of the
Convolution Integral
Convolving two functions involves
flipping or reversing one function in time
sliding this reversed or flipped function over the
other and
integrating between the times when BOTH
functions overlap
Example
Convolution of two gate pulses each of height
1
x1( x2(
0 1 0 2
y x1 * x2 x x t d
1 2
Example
x2(- x2(
-2 0 2
Reverse function
Example
x2(- x1(
-1 0 1
for 0 t 1
t
0 1
y x1 * x2 1dt t
0
t
x2(t- for 1 t 2
x1(
y x1 * x2 1
0 1 area of smaller pulse
t-2
t x1 ( )
1
Area of overlap constant
11d 0 1
1
0
Example
x1(
x2(t-
for 2 t 3
0 1 y x1 * x2 3 t
1
t-2 t 11d t 2 1 t 2 3 t
2
t 2
Area declining linearly -
width of shaded area = 1-(t-2)=3-t
Example
x1(
x2(t-
for t 3
0 1 y x1 * x2 0
t
0 1 2 3
tint=0; axis([0 10 0 10])
tfinal=10; axis([0 10 0 5])
tstep=.01; t2=2*tint:tstep:2*tfinal;
t=tint:tstep:tfinal; y=conv(x,h)*tstep;
x=5*((t>=0)&(t<=4)); subplot(3,1,3),plot(t2,y)
subplot(3,1,1), plot(t,x) axis([0 10 0 40])
axis([0 10 0 10])
h=3*((t>=0)&(t<=2));
subplot(3,1,2),plot(t,h)
Example 2
Convolve the following functions
x1(t) x2(t)
1.0
0 1 t 0 1 t
Example 2
x2
-1 0 1
Reversal
Example 2
x2t
-1 0 t 1
x1 for 1 t 2
x2t 1
x1 * x2 1dt 2 t
t 1
-1 0 1 t
t-1
Overlay shift reversed function onto other function
and integrate overlapping section
Example 2
x1(t)*x2(t)
0 1 2
Example 3
t
0 4
Example 3
5
h( )
Reverse h(
Example 3
h (t )
t 4
t
2 t
5
Output y (t ) 3 5e d
h (t ) 0
t 4
h (t )
t 4
4
2 t
y(t ) 15e d
Performing integral for t>4
0
Example 3
4 4
2 t
y (t ) 15e d 15e 2t
e
2
d
0 0
4
15e 2t 1 2 2t
2 e 7.5e e 1
8
0
Example 3
0 t0
y (t ) 7.51 e 0 t 4
2t
7.5e 2t e8 1 t 4
Commutativity of Convolution
Operation
The actions of flipping and shifting can be
applied to EITHER function
x(t ) * h(t ) x h t d
h xt d h(t ) * x(t )
Example 4
Repeat example 3 by flipping and shifting x(t)
rather than h(t)
for 0 t 4
t t
y (t ) 3 5e 2 d 15e 2 d
0 0
0 t
Example 4
for 0 t 4
t
y (t ) 15e 2
d 7.5e 2 t
0
0
y (t ) 7.5 1 e 2t
0 t
Example 4
for t 4
t
y (t ) 15e 2
d
t 4
0 t
t-4
Example 4
for t 4
1 2
t t
y (t ) 15e 2
d 15 e
t 4 2 t 4
y (t ) 7.5e 2 t 4
e 2t
7.5e 8
1e 2t
Example 4
0 t0
y (t ) 7.51 e 0 t 4
2t
7.5e 2t e8 1 t 4
EE 327
Numerical Convolution
Numerical evaluation of the convolution
integral
For difficult-to-solve convolution problems
We will focus on the Matlab conv function
Discretizing the Time
Convolution Integral
y t h xt d
iT T
hiT xnT iT d
i iT
hiT xnT iT iT T iT
i
T hiT xnT iT
i
y nT T hiT xnT iT
i
In discrete-time notation
yn T hi xn i
i
Numerical Convolution in Matlab
EE 327
Addition Method of Discrete-Time
Convolution
Produces the same output as the graphical method
Effectively a “short cut” method
Let x[n] = 0 for all n<N (sample value N is the first non-zero value of x[n]
Let h[n] = 0 for all n<M (sample value M is the first non-zero value of h[n]
0 for n M N
M
yn xn hn xi hn i
i N
for n M N
…
+
xn n 1 2 n 3 n 1 4 n 2
hn n 2 5 n 1 3 n
Solution
Then, N = -1 Index of the first non-zero value of x[n]
M = -2 Index of the first non-zero value of h[n]
1 2 3 4 Coefficients of x[n]
-1 5 3 Coefficients of h[n]
-1 3 10 17 29 12 Summation of columns
1 1 n 3
xn hn 1, 2, 3
0 0 n 3
Problem No.1
Problem No.2
Problem No.3