October 14, 2018

Strength of Materials
Torsion of Circular shaft

APPLIED MECHANICS DEPARTMENT

VISVESVARAYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NAGPUR

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Torsion refers to the twisting of a straight bar
when it is loaded by moments (or torques) that
tend to produce Rotation about the longitudinal axis
of the bar

The direction (or sense) of the

moment is indicated by the
right-hand
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rule
Torsional Deformations of a Circular Bar

Deformations of a circular bar in pure torsion

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Torsional Deformations of a Circular Bar

Deformation of an element of length dx cut

from a bar in torsion

The element is in a state of pure shear

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 Rate of twist, or
the angle of twist
per unit length

Shear strain at the

outer surface

For pure torsion

only

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 Circular Bars of Linearly Elastic Materials

If the material is linearly elastic, we can use Hooke’s law in

shear

shear stresses vary linearly with

the distance from the center of the
bar, as illustrated by the triangular
stress diagram
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Longitudinal and transverse shear stresses in a circular bar
subjected to torsion

 The shear stresses acting on a cross-sectional plane are

accompanied by shear stresses of the same magnitude acting
on longitudinal planes.

 This conclusion follows from the fact that equal shear

stresses
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Tensile and compressive stresses acting on a stress element
oriented at 45 to the longitudinal axis

If a torsion bar is made of a material that is weaker in

tension than in shear, failure will occur in tension along a
helix inclined at 45 to the axis

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 Torsion Formula
Force about the axis of the bar is equal to the force times its
distance from the center, or τρdA

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Shear stress at distance ρ
from the center of the bar is

Angle of Twist

Torsional rigidity

Total angle of twist

Torsional stiffness
&
Torsional flexibility
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Circular Tubes Circular tubes are more efficient than solid
bars in resisting torsional loads.

or

in which r is the average radius of the tube;

d is the average diameter

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Limitations for Torsion

 The equations derived in this section are limited to bars of

circular cross section (either solid or hollow) that behave
in a linearly elastic manner

 bars away from stress concentrations (such as holes and

other abrupt changes in shape)

 Noncircular bars, such as rectangular bars and bars having

I-shaped cross sections, behave quite differently than do
circular bars

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 Q. A solid steel bar of circular cross section has diameter d = 40
mm,
length L = 1.3 m, and shear modulus of elasticity G = 80 GPa.
The bar is
subjected to torques T acting at the ends.
(a) If the torques have magnitude T = 340 N m, what is the
maximum shear stress in the bar? What is the angle of twist
between the ends?
(b) If the allowable shear stress is 42 MPa and the allowable
angle of twist is 2.5, what is the maximum permissible torque?

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(b) Maximum permissible torque. The maximum permissible torque is
determined either by the allowable shear stress or by the allowable
angle of twist.

Any torque larger than this value will result in a shear stress that
exceeds
the allowable stress of 42 MPa.
Based upon the angle of twist

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 Q. A steel shaft is to be manufactured either as a solid circular bar or as a
circular Tube. The shaft is required to transmit a torque of 1200 N.m without
exceeding an allowable shear stress of 40 MPa nor an allowable rate of twist
of 0.750/m. (The shear modulus of elasticity of the steel is 78 GPa.)
(a) Determine the required diameter d0 of the solid shaft.
(b) Determine the required outer diameter d2 of the hollow shaft if the
thickness t of the shaft is specified as one-tenth of the outer diameter.
(c) Determine the ratio of diameters (that is, the ratio d2/d0) and the ratio of
weights of the hollow and solid shafts.

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 Nonuniform Torsion
An internal torque is
 positive when its vector points away from the cut
section
 negative when its vector points toward the section

 Bar consisting of prismatic segments with

constant torque throughout each segment

 Bar with continuously varying cross

sections and constant Torque

 Bar with continuously varying cross

sections and continuously varying torque
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 Nonuniform Torsion

Bar consisting of prismatic segments with constant torque

throughout each segment

The total angle of twist of one end of the bar with respect
to the other

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 Nonuniform Torsion

Bar with continuously varying cross sections and constant

torque

The total angle of twist of one end of the bar with respect to the
other

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 Nonuniform Torsion

Bar with continuously varying cross sections and

continuously varying torque

The total angle of twist of one end of the bar with respect to the other

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Q. A solid steel shaft ABCDE having diameter d = 30 mm turns freely
in bearings at points A and E. The shaft is driven by a gear at C, which
applies a torque T2 = 450 Nm in the direction shown in the figure.
Gears at B and D are driven by the shaft and have resisting torques T1
= 275 Nm and T3= 175 Nm, respectively, acting in the opposite
direction to the torque T2. Segments BC and CD have lengths L(BC) =
500 mm and L(CD) = 400 mm, respectively, and the shear modulus G
= 80 GPa.
Determine the maximum shear stress in each part of the shaft and the
angle of twist between gears B and D.

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Each segment of the bar is prismatic and subjected to a constant torque.
Therefore, the first step in the analysis is to determine the torques acting in the
segments, after which we can find the shear stresses and angles of twist.

Torques acting in the segments. The torques in the end segments (AB and DE)
are zero since we are disregarding any friction in the bearings at the supports.
Therefore, the end segments have no stresses and no angles of twist.

The torque TCD in segment CD is found by cutting a section through the

segment and constructing a free-body diagram, The torque is assumed to be
positive, and therefore its vector points away from the cut section. From
equilibrium of the free body, we obtain

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Stresses and Strains in Pure Shear

Stresses acting on a stress element cut

from a bar in torsion (pure shear)
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Stresses on Inclined Planes

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Stresses on Inclined Planes

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 Materials that are brittle
and weak in tension

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 Strains in Pure Shear

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 Q.A circular tube with an outside diameter of 80 mm and an inside
diameter of 60 mm is subjected to a torque T = 4.0 kNm. The tube is made
of aluminum alloy 7075-T6.
(a) Determine the maximum shear, tensile, and compressive stresses in the
tube and show these stresses on sketches of properly oriented stress
elements.
(b) Determine the corresponding maximum strains in the tube and show
these strains on sketches of the deformed elements.
(c) What is the maximum permissible torque Tmax if the allowable normal
strain is εa= 0.9 x 10-3?
(d) If T = 4.0 kNm and εa = 0.9 x 10-3, what new outer diameter is
required so that the tube can carry the required torque T (assume that the
inner diameter of the tube remains at 60 mm)?

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Transmission of Power by Circular Shafts
The most important use of circular shafts is to transmit mechanical
power from one device or machine to another

Shaft transmitting a constant torque

T at an angular speed ω

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Q.A motor driving a solid circular steel shaft transmits 30 kW to a gear at B.
The allowable shear stress in the steel is 42 MPa.
(a) What is the required diameter d of the shaft if it is operated at 500 rpm?
(b) What is the required diameter d if it is operated at 3000 rpm?

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(a) Motor operating at 500 rpm. Knowing the horsepower and the speed
of rotation, we can find the torque T acting on the shaft by using. Solving
that equation for T, we get

This torque is transmitted by the shaft from the motor to the gear. The
maximum shear stress in the shaft can be obtained from the modified
torsion formula

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 Solving that equation for the diameter d, and also substituting τallow for
τmax, we get

The diameter of the shaft must be at least this large if the

allowable
shear stress is not to be exceeded.
(b) Motor operating at 4000 rpm. Following the same procedure as in part
(a), we obtain

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which is less than the diameter found in part (a).
This example illustrates that the higher the speed of rotation, the smaller the
required size of the shaft (for the same power and the same allowable stress).

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 Statically Indeterminate Torsional Members

Statical equilibrium

Compatibility of displacements

All other quantities, such as stresses

and angles of twist, can now be found
from the torques

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 Statically Indeterminate Torsional Members
Statical equilibrium

Compatibility of displacements

All other quantities, such as

stresses and angles of twist, can
now be found from the torques

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