|
 


 

 


  





j

 
 
- Personality is defined as: the enduring or lasting
patterns of behavior and thought (across time and
situation).

we will discuss the following personality theories:

1. Trait theory (Cattell, Allport)
2. Sigmund Freud: Psychodynamic theory

The Neo-Freudians:
3. Carl Jung: Analytical psychology
4. Alfred Adler: Individual psychology
5. Karen Horney: Feminine psychology
'. Behavioral theory: B.F. Skinner and operant
conditioning
7. The Humanistic theory:
a. Abraham Maslow: Hierarchy of needs
b. Carl Rogers: Person-centered therapy
8. Cognitive: Albert Bandura͛s Social learning
theory
9. Biological theories of personality
Ä
 


 

 
 
: Traits that are so much a part of who the
person is, you can define the person by the trait (e.g. ʹ
Honest Abe Lincoln)
 4 
: Major characteristics of our personality
such as: sensitivity, honesty, and generosity. These traits
are quite generalized and enduring, and it is these traits
that form the building blocks of our personality. Allport
found that most people could be characterized by a fairly
small number of central traits (usually five to ten).
 _  
: less generalized and far less enduring
traits that affect our behaviors in specific circumstances.
Examples include our dress style preferences.
Ö also began his work by identifying certain
obvious personality traits, such as integrity, friendliness,
and tidiness (1950, 19'5, 1973, 1982). He called these
dimensions of personality    
.
 Cattell then obtained extensive data about surface traits
from a large number of people (


 ).
 Statistical analysis of these data revealed that certain
surface traits seemed to occur in clusters or groups. Cattell
theorized that these clusters indicated a single underlying
trait.
 Cattell derived a list of 1' primary or   
 that he
considered to be at the center or core of personality. He
listed each of these traits as a pair of polar opposites
(1'PF).
2
 .
Hans Eysenck (190'-1997). Disagreed with
Allport and Cattell. He believed that there are
only two major dimensions to personality:
1. Intraversion-Extraversion
2. Neuroticism-Stability
The
   of personality by McCrae and Costa (1997) is the
most recent addition to trait theory. They believe in five core
dimensions:
 jpenness to Experienceʹcreative & willing to try new things
 Conscientiousness ʹ reliable, responsible, thorough, dependable,
hard-working
 Extraversion ʹ outgoing, social, active, talkative
 Agreeableness ʹ easy to get along with, pleasant, sympathetic,
warm, cooperative
 Neuroticism ʹ emotional stability
Acronym: jCEAN
 Sigmund Freud MD (neurologist)
 Psychodynamic Theory
 Vienna, Austria (185'-1939).
 Techniques used: hypnosis, catharsis, dream-analysis,
free-association, parapraxes
 Freudian slips or parapraxes ʹ everything we do and
say, even by accident, has hidden meaning
 Believed in the importance of the ͞unconscious͟
mind
The three major forces of the psyche are the:
1. à 






- Primary process thinking: wish fulfillment
- Thanatos ʹ aggressive /Eros - sexual
- à
  
 à

-

   
 
- 
   
  
 



2. *  






- W 
 
-

    
- 
 
  
 
- 
   
  

 

 


3. 
 
 







- W   


    
- ! - 
- "  
- 
   
  # 


   

Freud͛s Psychosexual Stages.
- According to Freud, as we age, different parts of
the body are used to fuel the id with pleasure
(libido = energy source).

1. Birth ʹ 1 ½ years: jral stage

gratification is gained by oral stimulation
(Breastfeeding).
2. 1 ½ - 3 years old: Anal stage
pleasure is gained by being able to
control feces. (Potty-training)
3. _  
 
   


a. !

 
 for boys: when a male child wants to kill his father
so he can have sex with his mother. (from the Greek tragedy ͞jedipus
Rex͟ by Sophocoles)
- Freud believed boys would eventually overcome this conflict by
identifying and bonding with the father.

b. *   
 for girls: girls are jealous of their father because
they don͛t have a penis, and they really want one (from Greek myth of
͞Electra͟ who plotted with her brother ͞jrestes͟ to kill their mother
͞Clytemnestra͟).
- Freud believed that the only possible way for a girl to overcome this
conflict would be to become pregnant with a male child
4. '-12 years old: Latency stage
pleasure is gained through same-sex peer
friendships
5. 12+ years old: Genital stage:
pleasure is gained through sexual
intercourse with non-relatives
Úhen a student asked him what the significance of his cigar
was, Freud replied ͞sometimes a cigar is just a cigar͟.
|"
: students of Freud who eventually
started their own school of thought due to major
disagreements with some of Freud͛s ideas.
Carl Jung: 1875-19'1. (pronounced ʹ Young).
- Analytical psychology
- Born in Switzerland, trained as a psychiatrist
- Believed Freud placed too much emphasis on
sexuality as a motive for behavior
The four main Jungian archetypes are:
 the self
 the shadow or the dark side of the human
psyche
 the anima (the female counterpart to the
male psyche)
 and the animus (the male counterpart to the
female psyche).
Alfred Adler: Individual psychology.

1870-1937 (Vienna, Austria): MD (opthamologist).

͞Behind everyone who behaves as if he were superior
to others, we can suspect a feeling of inferiority
which calls for very special efforts of concealment.
It is as if a man feared that he was too small and
walked on his toes to make himself seem taller.͞ -
Alfred Adler

Adler coined the term ͞

 

 
 ͟
 Karen Horney. 1]]  # 4Hamburg, Germany
Studied to be an MD. In 1909 she entered the University of
Freiburg [very unusual for a woman]
 Feminine psychology. Argued strongly  
 Freud͛s notion
of both the jedipus and Electra complex
 Disagreed with Freud͛s psychosexual stages
 Did not accept Freud͛s division of the psyche into the id, ego,
and superego
 Countered Freud͛s idea of ͞penis envy͟ with what she called
͟͞
 Agreed with Freud on the importance of the unconscious and
early childhood
 Believed that personality could continue to develop and
change throughout life
'. Behavioral theory.
- Burrhus Frederic Skinner [1904-1990]
- jperant conditioning
- Focused on the  or   behavior
- the consequences that follow a behavior were seen as critical
determinants of future behavior
 A behavior followed by a 
 
 
  results in an increased
probability of that behavior occurring in the future [
  ].
 A behavior no longer followed by the reinforcing stimulus results in a
decreased probability of that behavior occurring in the future
[ 
 
].
 Skinner did much of his research with animals such as pigeons and
rats

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-895'35558528'14'382&q=operant+conditioning&hl=en
Skinner video clip
Two major figures in humanistic psychology
were:
1. Abraham Maslow and
2. Carl Rogers

Úe will first look at the core beliefs of Maslow.

 Maslow developed his famous ͞Hierarchy of Needs͟
 ËÄ


$



$

$



 

 % $
2

   
 
&
à '
 

$   

   



 
 
 
 
  
 
 Ë - Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers. 1902-1987
 Carl Rogers was born January 8, 1902 in jak Park,
Illinois, a suburb of Chicago, the fourth of six
children. His father was a successful civil engineer
and his mother was a housewife and devout
Christian.
 In 1942, he wrote his first book, Counseling and
Psychotherapy.
 1945, he was invited to set up a counseling center at
the University of Chicago. It was while working there
that in 1951 he published his major work, Client-
Centered Therapy, wherein he outlined his basic
theory.
 † 

 


  : a feeling of total love
and acceptance ʹ like that of a child for a parent, or a
pet to its owner. No matter what you say or do, you
will be loved and accepted.
 Rogers believed if a child received unconditional
positive regard, he/she would be able to self-
actualize and become his/her ideal self
 If self-actualization is blocked, mental illness would
ensue
8. Social-Cognitive Theory.
 Albert Bandura (1925-present)
 Albert Bandura was born December 4, 1925, in
the small town of Mundare in northern Alberta,
Canada.
 In 1953, he started teaching at Stanford
University. Úhile there, he collaborated with his
first graduate student, Richard Úalters, resulting
in their first book, Ä
Ä

, in
1959.
 Emphasis on the cognitive or thoughts [covert]
 Bandura added cognition or thought to the equation

 The main ͞person͟ factor that Bandura discussed was:

 
 : the belief in your ability to perform a
certain task or function.
9. Biological theories of personality.
 Identical twin studies
 Adoption studies
 Heritability estimates
 Family tree or pedigree studies
 DNA ʹ Human genome project
 Evolutionary forces
 Can we ever know if nature or
nurture is the primary force?