CHM 235 – Dr.

Skrabal

Brief review of important concepts

for quantitative analysis

 Some important units of quantification

 Units for expressing concentrations in solids and liquids

 Concentration-dilution formula
 Fundamental SI units

Remember the correct abbreviations!

Mass kilogram (kg)

Volume liter (L)
Distance meter (m)
Temperature kelvin (K)
Time second (s)
Current ampere (A)
Amount of substance mole (mol)
Luminous intensity candela (cd)
 Some other SI and non-SI units

Length angstrom (Å)

Force newton (N)
Pressure pascal (Pa), atmosphere (atm)
Energy, work, heat joule (J)
Power watt (W)
Electric charge coulomb (C)
Electric potential volt (V)
Electric resistance ohm ()
Electric capacitance farad (F)
Temperature degree Celsius (°C)
degree Fahrenheit (°F)
 Some common prefixes for
exponential notation
1012 tera (T)
109 giga (G)
Remember the correct 106 mega (M)
abbreviations! 103 kilo (k)
10-1 deci (d)
10-2 centi (c)
10-3 milli (m)
10-6 micro (μ)
10-9 nano (n)
10-12 pico (p)
10-15 femto (f)
10-18 atto (a)
 Commonly used equalities

103 mg = 1 g milli = thousandth

1 mg = 10-3 g

106 μg = 1 g micro = millionth

1 μg = 10-6 g

109 ng = 1 g nano = billionth

1 ng = 10-9 g

1012 pg = 1 g pico = trillionth

1 pg = 10-12 g
 Concentration scales
Moles of solute
 Molarity (M) =
Liter of solution

Moles of solute
 Molality (m) =
kg solvent

• Molarity is a temperature-dependent scale because

volume (and density) change with temperature.
• Molality is a temperature-independent scale because
the mass of a kilogram does not vary with temperature.
 Concentration scales (cont.)
 Formality (F) =
Moles of solute (regardless of chemical form)
Liter of solution
Formality is sometimes used to express the
concentration of substances, such as electrolytes, acids,
and bases, that turn into different species in solution.
For example:
• 0.1 M NaCl (= 0.1 F NaCl) gives 0.1 M Na+ and 0.1 M
Cl- in solution
• 0.5 M HCl (= 0.5 F HCl) gives 0.5 M H+ and 0.5 M Cl- in
solution
 Concentration scales (cont.)
Weight / weight (w/w) basis

 mass solute ( g )  2
% (w/w) =  10  percent
 mass sample ( g ) 

 mass solute ( g )  3
ppt (w/w) =  10  ppt = parts per thousand
 mass sample ( g ) 

 mass solute ( g )  6
ppm (w/w) =  10  ppt = parts per million
 mass sample ( g ) 

 mass solute ( g )  9
ppb (w/w) =  10  ppt = parts per billion
 mass sample ( g ) 
 mass solute ( g )  12
ppt (w/w) =  10  ppt = parts per trillion
 mass sample ( g ) 

This scale is useful for solids or solutions.

 Concentration scales (cont.)
Weight / volume (w/v) basis

 mass solute ( g )  2
% (w/v) =  10  percent
 vol. sample (mL) 
 mass solute ( g )  3
ppt (w/v) =  10  ppt = parts per thousand
 vol. sample (mL) 

 mass solute ( g )  6
ppm (w/v) =  10  ppt = parts per million
 vol. sample ( mL) 

 mass solute ( g )  9
ppb (w/v) =  10  ppt = parts per billion
 vol. sample (mL) 
 mass solute ( g )  12
ppt (w/v) =  10  ppt = parts per trillion
 vol. sample (mL) 
 Concentration scales (cont.)
Volume / volume (v/v) basis

 vol. solute (mL)  2

% (v/v) =  10  percent
 vol. sample ( mL) 

 vol. solute (mL)  3

ppt (v/v) =  10  ppt = parts per thousand
 vol. sample (mL) 

 vol. solute (mL)  6

ppm (v/v) =  10  ppt = parts per million
 vol. sample ( mL) 

 vol. solute (mL)  9

ppb (v/v) =  10  ppt = parts per billion
 vol. sample (mL) 
 vol. solute (mL)  12
ppt (v/v) =  10  ppt = parts per trillion
 vol. sample (mL) 
 Concentration examples

 Concentrated HCl  37.0 g HCl  2

 10  37.0 % (w / w)
 100.0 g solution 

 4.00 mL CH3CH 2OH  2

 Alcoholic beverage  10  10.4 % (v / v)
 38.5 mL beverage 

 Color indicator for  0.050 g phenolphthalein  2

 10  0.10 % ( w / v)
titrations  50.0 mL solution 
 Concentration example: %(w:v)

What is the concentration, on a %(w:v) basis, of vanadium

in a solution that contains 281.5 mg/L of vanadium?

 mass solute ( g )  2
% ( w : v)   10
 vol. sample (mL) 

 281.5 mg V  1 g V   1L  2
% ( w : v)      10
 L  1000 mg V   1000 mL 

 0.02815 % ( w : v) or 2.815 x 10  2 % ( w : v)
 Concentration scales (cont.)
• Parts per million, billion, trillion are very often used to
denote concentrations of aqueous solutions:
 1 g solute  103 mg  1 g solution  1000 mL solution  mg
1 ppm   6      1
 10 g solution  1 g  1 mL solution  1 L solution  L
 

 1 g solute  106 g  1 g solution  1000 mL solution  g

1 ppb   9      1
 10 g solution  1 g  1 mL solution  1 L solution  L
 

 1 g solute  109 ng  1 g solution  1000 mL solution  ng

1 ppt   9      1
 10 g solution  1 g  1 mL solution  1 L solution  L
 

Note: ppt = parts per trillion

 Concentration scales (cont.)

It is important to memorize:

 1 part per million (ppm) = 1 mg / L

 1 part per billion (ppb) = 1 μg / L

 1 part per trillion (ppt) = 1 ng / L

 Concentration examples

Conversion of molarity to ppm

Solution of 0.02500 M K2SO4

 0.02500 mol K 2 SO4  174.26 g K 2 SO4  1000 mg  mg K 2 SO4

 
 
 
  4356
 L  mol K 2 SO4  g  L

 4356 ppm
 Concentration examples

What is concentration (in ppm) of K+ in this solution?

Solution of 0.02500 M K2SO4

 0.02500 mol K 2 SO4  2 mol K  39.10 g  1000 mg 


mg K 
   
 
  1955
 L  1 mol K 2 SO4  mol K  g  L

 1955 ppm
 Concentration-dilution formula
A very versatile formula that you
absolutely must know how to use

• C1 V1 = C2 V2
where C = conc.; V = volume

• M1 V1 = M2 V2
where M = molarity
• Cconc Vconc = Cdil Vdil

where “conc” refers to the more concentrated solution

and “dil” refers to the more dilute solution. Note that
you can use any units you want for conc. and vol. as
long as they are the same on both sides of the
equation.
Concentration-dilution formula example

Problem: You have available 12.0 M HCl (conc. HCl) and

wish to prepare 0.500 L of 0.750 M HCl for use in an
experiment. How do you prepare such a solution?

Cconc Vconc = Cdil Vdil

Write down what you know and what you don’t know:
Concentration-dilution formula example

Problem: You have available 12.0 M HCl (conc. HCl) and

wish to prepare 0.500 L of 0.750 M HCl for use in an
experiment. How do you prepare such a solution?
Cconc Vconc = Cdil Vdil

Cconc = 12.0 mol L-1 Cdil = 0.750 mol L-1

Vconc = ? Vdil = 0.500 L

Vconc = (Cdil)(Vdil) / Cconc

Vconc = (0.750 mol L-1) (0.500 L) / 12.0 mol L-1
Vconc = 3.12 x 10-2 L = 31.2 mL
Concentration-dilution formula example
Great! So how do you prepare this solution of 0.750 M HCl?

1. Use a pipet or graduated cylinder to measure exactly

31.2 mL of 12.0 M
2. Transfer the 31.2 mL of 12.0 M HCl to a 500.0 mL
volumetric flask
3. Gradually add deionized water to the volumetric flask
and swirl to mix the solution
4. As the solution gets close to the 500.0 mL graduation on
the flask, use a dropper or squeeze bottle to add water
to the mark
5. Put the stopper on the flask and invert ~20 times to mix