PRINCIPLES OF LUBRICATION

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 TRIBOLOGY

TRIBOLOGY AIMS ARE FOR THE REDUCTION OF FRICTION

AND WEAR BETWEEN MOVING SURFACES

FRICTION: SOLID AND FLUID

WEAR:
- ADHESIVE, WELDING OF ASPERITIES IN MIXED AND BOUNDARY REGIMES
(SCORING AND SCUFFING)

- ABRASIVE, PLOUGHING, SCRATCHING, POLISHING BY WEAR DEBRIS OR SOLID

CONTAMINANTS (e.g. DIRT, SAND)

- CORROSIVE, REACTION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT, THEN RUBBING AWAY OF SURFACE

- PITTING, SURFACE FATIGUE DURING ROLLING CONTACT

- CAVITATION EROSION, FORMATION AND RAPID COLLAPSE OF BUBBLES ON A SURFACE

DUE TO RAPID PRESSURE CHANGES

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 FRICTION

SOLID FRICTION ROLLING FRICTION FLUID FRICTION

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 FRICTION

SOLID FRICTION FLUID FRICTION

SLIDING
SLIDING

STATIONARY STATIONARY
WELDING (WEAR) OIL MOLECULES

FRICTION IS THE RESISTANCE OR FORCE ENCOUNTERED WHEN ONE BODY

IS MOVED RELATIVE TO ANOTHER

SOLID FRICTION IS INDEPENDENT OF BOTH SPEED AND THE APPARENT AREA

OF CONTACT BUT PROPORTIONAL TO LOAD

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 LUBRICATION
THE PRINCIPLE OF LUBRICATION IS TO SUPPORT A SLIDING LOAD ON A
FRICTION REDUCING FILM.

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 LUBRICATION

THE FRICTION REDUCING FILM CAN CONSIST OF:

- GASES

- LIQUIDS (MAINLY PETROLEUM PRODUCTS)

- SOLIDS (e.g. GRAPHITE)

PETROLEUM PRODUCTS ARE IDEAL FOR LUBRICATION DUE TO THEIR

METAL-WETTING ABILITY

PETROLEUM PRODUCTS CAN BE MANUFACTURED TO THE APPROPRIATE

VISCOSITIES, (BODY, THICKNESS) FOR THE REQUIRED APPLICATION

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 VISCOSITY
VISCOSITY IS A MEASURE OF A FLUIDS RESISTANCE TO FLOW

DYNAMIC (ABSOLUTE) VISCOSITY IS THE MEASURE OF THE FORCE NEEDED

TO SHEAR ONE FLUID LAYER OVER ANOTHER

SHEAR STRESS (APPLIED FORCE / UNIT AREA)

= DYNAMIC VISCOSITY
SHEAR RATE (FLUID VELOCITY / GAP)

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 VISCOSITY
DYNAMIC VISCOSITY KINEMATIC VISCOSITY

HIGH & LOW SHEAR LOW SHEAR

DYNAMIC VISCOSITY
= KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
DENSITY OF THE FLUID

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 FACTORS AFFECTING VISCOSITY

VISCOSITY OF A LUBRICANT CHANGES WITH:

- TEMPERATURE

- PRESSURE

- SHEAR RATE (NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS)

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 TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON VISCOSITY
VISCOSITY/TEMPERATURE DIAGRAMS

LOG
LOG
KV
KV

40 60 80 100 120 40 60 80 100 120

TEMPERATURE °C TEMPERATURE °C

TYPICAL MINERAL OIL VI 95

SYNTHETIC FLUID VI 135

VISCOSITY INDEX (VI) IS AN EMPIRICAL NUMBER, WHICH INDICATES THE EFFECT

OF CHANGE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE VISCOSITY OF THE OIL
HIGH VI MEANS LESS CHANGE OF VISCOSITY WITH TEMPERATURE

VI IMPROVERS INCREASE THE VISCOSITY INDEX

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 WHY DO WE NEED HIGH VI OILS ?

IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE EASY COLD STARTING,

LOW VISCOSITY IS NECESSARY

AT FULL OPERATING TEMPERATURE A SUFFICIENTLY

HIGH VISCOSITY IS REQUIRED FOR GOOD LUBRICATION

POLYMERS ARE ADDED TO THE OIL TO MEET BOTH THE HIGH AND

LOW TEMPERATURE REQUIREMENTS

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 LUBRICATION REGIMES

THERE ARE FOUR MAJOR LUBRICATION REGIMES:

HYDRODYNAMIC

BOUNDARY

MIXED

ELASTO-HYDRODYNAMIC

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 HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION

HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION IS FULL FILM LUBRICATION (SURFACE SEPARATION)

FLUID PRESSURE
BUILD UP

HYDRODYNAMIC PRESSURE

HYDRODYNAMIC PRESSURE IS GENERATED BY

THE SLIDING VELOCITY OF THE LAYERS
THE DESIGN (BEVELLED OR ROUNDED LEADING EDGE)

ADEQUATE OIL SUPPLY

OIL VISCOSITY

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 BOUNDARY AND MIXED LUBRICATION
BOUNDARY, OR PARTIAL LUBRICATION CAN OCCUR AS RESULT OF
- INSUFFICIENT VISCOSITY
- TOO LOW SPEED
- SMALL CONTACT AREA

SOLID FRICTION BOUNDARY LUBRICATION

SLIDING SLIDING

STATIONARY STATIONARY
WELDING (WEAR) EXTREME PRESSURE
ADDITIVE

MIXED LUBRICATION IS CHARACTERISED BY A COMBINATION OF BOTH SOLID AND FLUID FRICTION

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 LUBRICATION IN BEARINGS

START UP RUNNING
NO OIL PRESSURE LOW OIL PRESSURE FULL OIL PRESSURE
OIL SUPPLY

LOAD OIL PRESSURE

BOUNDARY MIXED HYDRODYNAMIC

LUBRICATION LUBRICATION LUBRICATION

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