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PROBABILITY
Lecture 4
Random Experiments
• An experiment that can result in different outcomes, even
though it is repeated in the same manner every time.
Figure 1. Relationship
of input; controlled
and noise variables;
and output.
Sample Spaces of the Experiment
• Sample Spaces of the Experiment
• set of all possible outcomes of a random experiment
• Example:
• Three samples of resistors is taken from a batch of 1000 resistors.
The objective of the experiment is to determine whether each
resistor is defective or not. Determine the sample space of the
experiment. Determine also:
• The event that exactly one of the three is defective
• The event that atmost one of the resistors is defective
• The event that all the resistor is not defective
Set Theory
• The union of two events is the event that consists of all outcomes
that are contained in either of the two events. We denote the union
as E1 E2.
• Distributive law
• (A B) C = (A C) (B C)
• (A B) C = (A C) (B C)
• DeMorgan’s law
• (A B)’ = A’ B’
• (A B)’ = A’ B’
• AB=BA
• AB=BA
Example
• Two connectors are selected from a batch and measured
in order to determine whether these are inconformity with
the standard.
• What will be the sample space?
• Supposed that we denote that atleast one part conforms
to the standard as event E1 and no part conforms as E2,
determine:
• E1 E2
• E1 E2
• E1’ and E2’
Determination of Sample Spaces:
Counting Techniques
• The Multiplication Principle/Product Rule
• applies to any situation in which a set (event) consists of ordered
pairs of objects and we wish to count the number of such pairs
• Consider,
• n1 outcomes of a random experiment E1
• n2 outcomes of a random experiment E2 and
• nm outcomes of a random experiment Em
• nPn = n × (n − 1) × (n − 2) × ... × 1 = n!
Example
• There are ten student assistants available for grading
papers in a calculus course at a large university. The first
exam consists of four questions, and the professor wishes
to select a different assistant to grade each question (only
one assistant per question). In how many ways can the
assistants be chosen for grading?
Determination of Sample Spaces:
Counting Techniques
• The number of unordered subsets, called a combination
of n objects taken r at a time, is:
𝑛!
• nCr =
𝑟! 𝑛−𝑟 !