• Hydrological engineering, also called water resources engineering, is a civil
engineering specialty offered at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. Hydrological engineering is chiefly concerned with the flow and storage of water. Topics commonly covered include urban drainage, water supply, wastewater treatment, river management and coastal protection. Hydrological engineering also focuses on preventing floods and lessening the effects of floods, droughts and other natural disasters. HYDROLOGY • It is concerned with the origin and chemical and physical properties of water on earth. • It is the branch of earth science which means the science of water • It is the science which deals with the occurrence, circulation and distribution of water of the earth and earth’s atmosphere. ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY • It is the study of hydrology concerned mainly with engineering applications. Engineering hydrology deals with.. • Estimation of water resources • The study of processes such as runoff, precipitation and their interaction. • The study of problems such as floods, droughts and strategies to overcome them. INTERSECTION OF HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULICS • Water Supplies • Flood Protection • Drinking Water • Flood Plain Construction • Industry • Irrigation • Water Intakes • Power Generation • Discharge And Dilution • Hydropower • Wastewater • Cooling Water • Cooling Water • Dams • Outfalls • Reservoirs • Levees HYDROLOGIC CYCLE • it is a descriptive term applied to the general circulation of water from the atmosphere to the ground, to the seas and back to the atmosphere through various stages or processes such as precipitation, interception, runoff infiltration, percolation, storage, evaporation and transpiration. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
• The three main phases of the
hydrologic cycle are precipitation, runoff and evaporation. PROCESSES IN THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE 1. PRECIPITATION - it is all forms of moisture falling to the ground (rainfall, snow, hail, etc.) 2. RUN-OFF – is that part of precipitation that appears as stream flow. • THREE TYPES OF RUNOFF: a) SURFACE RUNOFF is the water that reaches the stream by traveling over the soil surface. b) INTERFLOW or QUICK RETURN FLOW is water that moves through upper soil layers and returns to the surface or appears in streams. c) BASE FLOW is water that flows into the stream from natural storage. In most streams. Base flow comes largely from groundwater. 3. EVAPORATION – is a process by which precipitation is returned to the atmosphere as vapor.
4. TRANSPIRATION – is a process by which plants dissipate
water into the atmosphere from leaves and other surfaces.
5. EVAPOTRANSPIRATION – is the combination of evaporation
of water from wet plant and soil surfaces and the transpiration of water in plants. 6. INTERCEPTION – is that part of precipitation at the beginning of a storm that is stored in vegetal cover and does not contribute to run off.
7. INFILTRATION – is the movement of water through the soil
surface into the soil profile.
8. PERCOLATION – is the movement of water through the soil
profile. VAPORATION AND TRANSPIRATIO MEASUREMENT OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
• Lysimeter • Field Plots INFILTRATION
Infiltration Capacity (fc)
Measurement: • f = fc when i > fc • flooding-type • f=i when i < fc infiltrometer where: f = actual rate of infiltration • rainfall simulator i = intensity of rainfall RUN-OFF Physical Characteristics affecting Run-off: • land use • vegetation • soil type • drainage area • elevation • topography • ponds, lakes, reservoirs, etc. HYDROGRAPH • plot of discharge in a stream plotted against time. • annual, monthly, seasonal • has 3 characteristic: rising limb, falling limb, peak point FLOOD ROUTING • It is the technique of determining the flood hydrograph at a section of. a river by utilizing the data of flood flow at one or more upstream sections. The. hydrologic analysis of problems such as flood forecasting, flood protection reservoir design and spillway design invariably include flood routing. WASTEWATER TREATMENT • It is a process used to convert wastewater - which is water no longer needed or suitable for its most recent use - into an effluent that can be either returned to the water cycle with minimal environmental issues or reused. URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEM • It is designed to reduce the potential impact of new and existing developments with respect to surface water drainage discharges. APPLICATIONS OF HYDROLOGY • Determining the water balance of a region • Determining the agricultural water balance. • Designing riparian restoration projects. • Mitigating and predicting flood, landslide and drought risk. • Real-time flood forecasting and flood warning. • Designing irrigation schemes and managing agricultural productivity. • Part of the hazard module in catastrophe modeling • Providing drinking water • Designing dams for water supply of hydroelectric power generation • Designing bridges • Designing sewers and urban drainage • Analyzing the impacts of antecedent moisture on sanitary sewer systems. • Assessing the impacts of natural and anthropogenic environmental change on water resources. • Assessing contaminant transport risk and establishing environmental policy guidelines