Chapter 8

Code Converters, Multiplexers and

Demultiplexers

1
 Objectives

You should be able to:

 Use an IC magnitude comparator to perform binary
comparisons.
 Describe the function of a decoder and an encoder.
 Design the internal circuitry for encoding and
decoding.
 Use manufacturers’ data sheets to determine
operation of IC decoder and encoder chips.

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 Objectives
(Continued)
 Explain the procedure involved in binary, BCD, and
Gray code conversion.
 Explain the operation of code converter circuits
built with SSI and MSI ICs.
 Describe the function and uses of multiplexers and
demultiplexers.
 Design circuits that employ multiplexer and
demultiplexer ICs.

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 Comparators

 Compare two binary strings or words

 Digital comparator
 Compare bit-by-bit
 Outputs a 1 if they are exactly equal
 Using exclusive-NOR gates is easiest

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 Comparators
 Evaluating two 4-bit numbers

5
 Comparators
 Magnitude
Comparators
 A=B
 A>B

 A<B

 7485 TTL 4-bit

comparator

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 Comparators (Continued)
 7485 TTL 4-bit
comparator logic
symbols

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 Comparators
 Magnitude comparison of two 8-bit strings

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VHDL Comparator using
IF-THEN-ELSE
PROCESS Flowchart
8-bit Comparator Simulation
 Decoding
 Process of converting some code (binary,
BCD, or hex) to a
single output
 4-bit BCD decoder
 Comprised of a
combination of
logic gates

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 Decoding
 3-Bit Binary-to-Octal Decoder Truth Tables

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 Decoding
 Complete Octal
Decoder (active
LOW outputs)

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 Decoding
 Octal Decoder
 Also known as 1-of-8 decoder
 Also known as 3-line-to-8-line decoder

 Decoder ICs

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 Decoding
 Octal Decoder IC
 74138 pin configuration and logic symbol.

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 Decoding

 74138 logic diagram and function table

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 Decoding
 7442 BCD-to-DEC Decoder IC
 1-of-10 decoder pin configuration and logic symbol

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 Decoding
 7442 BCD-to-DEC Decoder IC
 1-of-10 decoder logic diagram and function table

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 Decoding
 74154 Hexadecimal Decoder IC
 1-of-16 Decoder pin configuration and logic
symbol

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 Decoding
 74154 Hexadecimal Decoder IC
 1-of-16 Decoder logic diagram and function table

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 Decoders in VHDL
 More flexible than fixed-function 7400-series
ICs
 Can be customized to meet specific needs.
 VHDL Octal Decoder
Boolean Equations and Block Diagram
VHDL Octal Decoder
Implemented with Vectors
VHDL Octal Decoder
With Enable Input
 VHDL Octal Decoder
IF-THEN-ELSE and CASE Statements
 VHDL Octal Decoder
Simulation with Enable Control
 Encoding
 Opposite process from decoding
 Used to generate a coded output from a
singular active numeric input line.

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 Encoding
 Octal-to-binary and decimal-to-BCD encoders

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 Encoding
 A truth table can be used to design
encoders using combinational logic.

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 Encoding
 A basic decimal-to-BCD encoder

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 Encoding
 74147 Decimal-to-BCD Encoder
 Inputs and outputs are Active-LOW
 Note bubbles on logic symbols
 Priority encoder - highest input has priority

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 Encoding
 74147 Decimal-to-BCD Encoder logic symbol and
function table

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 Encoding
 74148 Octal-to-Binary Encoder
 Eight active-low inputs
 Three active-low outputs

 Priority encoder

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 Encoding
 74148 Octal-to-Binary Encoder logic symbol
and function table

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 VHDL Octal Priority Encoder
 VHDL listing and block symbol file
 VHDL Octal Priority Encoder
 Octal encoder simulated waveforms
 Discussion Point

 Explain the difference between an encoder

and a decoder.
 How does a priority encoder determine which
input to encode if more than one is active?

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 Code Converters

 Convert a coded input into another form

 BCD-to binary is a good example
 Computer program (software)
 MSI integrated circuits (hardware)

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 Code Converters
 Software BCD-to-Binary conversion
 Must develop an algorithm
 Weighting factor of 10

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 Code Converters
 74184 BCD-to-Binary Converter logic symbol
 Hardware approach

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 Code Converters
 Six-bit BCD-to-Binary
Converter using 74184

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 Code Converters
 BCD-to-binary
for two BCD
decades

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 Code Converters
 BCD-to-binary for
three BCD decades

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 Code Converters
 6 bit binary-to-BCD
and 8 bit binary-to-
BCD converters

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 Code Converters

 BCD-to-Seven Segment Converters

 4-bit BCD into a 7-bit code to drive display
segments
 Useful in calculators and any application that
requires a 7 segment display.
 The 7447 is a commonly used IC

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 Code Converters
 Gray Code is used to indicate the angular
position of a rotating machine.
 Varies by only 1 bit from one entry to the next

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 Code Converters

 Gray Code

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 Code Converters
 Conversion between binary and Gray code
using exclusive-OR gates

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 Multiplexers
 Funneling several data
lines into a single one
for transmission to
another point
 Data select control
determines which input
is transmitted

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 Multiplexers
 S0 and S1 determine which data is transmitted

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 Multiplexers
 Logic diagram for a four-line multiplexer

Figure 8-31

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 Multiplexers
 Some popular TTL and CMOS multiplexers

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 Multiplexers
 74151 Eight-Line Multiplexer logic symbol
 Note 3 data select inputs for 8 inputs (23 = 8)

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 Multiplexers
 74151 Eight-Line Multiplexer logic diagram

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 Multiplexers

 Provide Combination Logic Functions

 Multiplexers can be used to implement
combinational logic circuits.
 A multiplexer can replace several SSI logic gates

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 VHDL 4-Line Multiplexer
 Program listing and block symbol file

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 VHDL 4-Line Multiplexer
 Simulated waveforms

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 Demultiplexers
 Opposite procedure
from multiplexing
 Data distributor
 Single data input
routed to one of
several outputs

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 Demultiplexers
 In this simulation file, the D waveform is routed to the Y
outputs as determined by the data select inputs (S0 and S1).

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 Demultiplexers
 74139 Dual 4-line Demultiplexer logic symbol
and logic diagram

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 Demultiplexers
 74139 connected to route an input signal to
the 2a output

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 Demultiplexers
 74154 4-line-to16-line hexadecimal decoder
 Used as a 16 line demultiplexer
 Connected to route a signal to the 5 output

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 Demultiplexers

 Analog Multiplexer/Demultiplexer
 4051, 4052, 4053 CMOS devices
 High-speed CMOS also available (74HCT4051)
 Function as either device since inputs and
outputs are bidirectional
 Analog since outputs can be any value between
positive and negative supplies (not just 0 and 1)

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 Demultiplexers
 4051 CMOS analog
multiplexer
/demultiplexer

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 System Design Application
 The 74138 as a memory address decoder

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 System Design Application
 The 74148 used to encode an active alarm

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 Serial Data Multiplexing for a
Microcontroller
 8051 micro controller
 One serial receive line
 One serial transmit line
 74HCT151 is the multiplexer
 74HCT238 is the demultiplexer
 HCT versions used to match the
microcontroller`s speed

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54
74HCT4051 Staircase Generator

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 74HCT4051 Staircase Generator
 The voltage divider at the Y-inputs creates
outputs at 8 different voltage levels.
 Multiplexed Display Application
 Allows sharing of common ICs, components, and
conductors
 Four-digit registered are multiplexed to a single-digit
bus
 Display bus is multiplexed into the four-digit displays

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Multiplexed Display Application

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 FPGA Design Using LPMs
 LPM module for an 8-bit comparator

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 FPGA Design Using LPMs
 Simulation waveforms for the LPM comparator

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 FPGA Design Using LPMs
 LPM module for an octal decoder

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 FPGA Design Using LPMs
 Simulation waveforms for the LPM decoder

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 FPGA Design Using LPMs
 LPM module for an 8-line multiplexer

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 FPGA Design Using LPMs
 Simulation waveforms for the LPM multiplexer

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 Summary

 Comparators can be used to determine

equality or which of two binary strings is
larger.
 Decoders can be used to convert a binary
code into a singular active output
representing its numeric value.
 Encoders can be used to generate a coded
output from a singular active numeric input
line.
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 Summary

 ICs are available to convert BCD to binary and

binary to BCD.
 The Gray code is useful for indicating the
angular position of a shaft on a rotating device,
such as a motor.
 Multiplexers are capable of funneling several
data lines into a single line for transmission to
another point.

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 Summary

 Demultiplexers are used to take a single data

value or waveform and route it to one of several
outputs.

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