VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CE 6712 –DESIGN PROJECT

DESIGN OF WELL FOUNDATION FOR BRIDGES

SECOND REVIEW
DATE : 24-09-2018
TEAM MEMBERS
M.VEERAMANI (412815103154)
K.VENKATESH (412815103156)
R.VIJAY (412815103162)
G.VIJAY ANTONY (412815103163)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mr. R. KARTHICK M.E.,
(ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)
DETAILS REGARDING BRIDGE SUPERSTRUCTURE:
• Dead load on each span: 1500 kN
• Depth of simply supported girder: 2m
• Span of simply supported girder: 16m
• Type of Carriage way: Two lane carriage way
• Clear carriage way width: 7.5 m
• Area of bridge superstructure: 70 m²
• Type of live load acting on bridge: Class A loading .
BEARING DETAILS:
• Type of bearing used in bridge: Sliding bearings of Teflon on Stainless Steel
• Centre to Centre distance between bearings along longitudinal axis of bridge (S1) :
900mm
• Centre-to- Centre distance between bearings along transverse axis of bridge(S2) :
5500mm
• Dimension of bearing along longitudinal axis of bridge: 300 mm
• Dimension of bearing along transverse axis of bridge : 400 mm
OTHER DETAILS :
• Maximum mean velocity of stream: 4m/sec
• Maximum discharge of stream: 4500 m³/sec
• High Flood Level (H.F.L.) : 459.5 m
• Low Water Level (L.W.L.) : 455.5 m
• Bridge is located in seismic zone: II
• Angle of internal wall friction of soil (ꬾ) : 37°
• Submerged density of soil (Ꝩsub) : 14 kN/m³.
DETAILS OF PIER :
• Type of Material used in Pier: Reinforced Concrete
• Grade of Concrete used in Pier: M25
• Type of Pier used in bridge : Wall Type Pier
• Height of Pier: 7 m
• Batter provided to pier : 1 in 20
• Thickness of pier cap : 500mm.
PIER DETAILS :
Minimum top width of pier required = bearing spacing along longitudinal axis + bearing
dimension along longitudinal axis + 600 mm
= 900 + 300 + 600 = 1800mm.
Top width of pier provided =1800 mm (minimum top width of pier required).
Minimum desirable length of pier = bearing spacing along transverse axis
+ bearing dimension along transverse axis + 1200mm
= 5500 + 400 + 1200
= 7100 mm(=minimum desirable length of pier)

Batter provided in pier = 1 in 20

Hence, bottom width of pier = 2500 mm.
PIER CAP DETAILS:
Thickness of pier cap provided = 500mm(> 250 mm. Hence OK.)
Width of pier cap = top width pier cap + (2 * 75)
= 1800 + 150
= 1950mm
Length of pier cap = length of pier + (2 * 75)
= 7100 + 1800 + 150
= 9050 mm
 CLASS CLASS
‘A’ ‘A’

1.05m 1.8m 1.8m 1.8m 1.05m

7.5m

CARRIAGE WAY WIDTH OF ROAD PIER SECTION IN LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION OF BRIDGE

Maximum scour depth due to river stream :
Discharge, Q = 4500 m3/sec
Linear water-way(Lacey’s formula), L  4.83 Q  4.83 4500
 325.35m

(As per IRC 78; Pg.no:9; Cl : 703.1.1) ,Increase discharge by 30%

Discharge, Q = 5850 m³/s
(As per IRC 78; Pg.no:10; Cl : 703.2.1)
Design discharge for foundation, D  Q  5850
b L 325.35
 17.98 m
1 1
 Db 
2 3
 17.98  3
2
Mean scour depth, d sm  1.34   1.34
 1.25 
K 
 sf   
 8.54 m
Maximum scour depth = 2 d sm =17.07 m.
WELL FOUNDATION:
• Maximum scour depth = 17.1 m (as calculated previously)
• Maximum scour level = 442.4 m
• Unsupported length of well is LWL – Maximum scour level = 455.5 – 442.4 = 13.1 m
• Providing the grip length of 10 m,
• The height of well is 23.1 m.
• Diameter of well is assumed 12000 mm
• Thickness of well cap = 1200 mm
• Thickness of top plug = 500 mm
• Min. thickness of steining , h  kd l
• Thickness of steining = 1750 mm > 1730 mm. Hence, OK.
• Height of well curb = 2750 mm
• Height of steining = 23.1 – 1.2 – 2.75 = 19.15 m
• Diameter of dredge hole = 12000 – (2 X 1750) = 8500 mm
• Thickness of bottom plug = 2750 + 500 + 1000 = 4250 mm
WELL FOUNDATION
CALCULATION OF LOADS AND MOMENT AT THE BASE OF WELL FOUNDATION :
1) Due to dead load & self weight of Pier:
• Dead load from superstructure of bridge = 2 X 1500 = 3000 kN
• Live load reaction acting at the base of foundation = 791 kN
• Weight of pier & pier cap = 2492 + 221 = 2713 kN
• Weight of well cap = π/4(12)²(1.2)(15) = 2036 kN
• Weight of top plug = π/4(8.5)²(0.5)(15) = 426 kN
• Weight of Steining = π/4(12²- 8.5²)(19.15)(15) = 16161 kN
•
 
Volume of Well curb

   11.65  0.25 0.25  2.75   8.5  2  2 1.575 0.5 1.575  2.750
3
 97.82 m 3
• Weight of well curb = 1467 kN
• Weight of bottom plug

4
 
 4

   
   8.52  0.5 15    11.65  8.5 0.5  2.75 15    1 3  5.8252  12 15
2

 6
 4520 kN
  
Weight of sand filling    8.52  19.15  0.5  0.514
4 
 14395 kN
Therefore total vertical load acting at the base of the well = 45508 kN.

2) Stresses due to eccentricity of live load:

Vertical Live load on pier ,producing maximum stress,
Transverse axis, = 763 kN
Longitudinal axis, = 395 KN

Moment due to eccentric live load on pier,

Transverse axis, M xx = 180 kNm
Longitudinal axis,M yy = 969 kNm
3) Stresses due to Longitudinal force:
Due to tractive effort or braking forces: (As per IRC 6:2016; Pg.no:42; Clause: 211)
when the entire first train is not on the full span, the braking force shall be taken as equal
to 20%
Braking force  0.2(486)  2
 194.4 kN.
The force due to braking effort shall be assumed to act along a line parallel to the road way
and 1.2m above it.
Hence , 7+0.5+0.3+2+1.2=11m+23.1m = 34.1 m

Moment at the base , M xx  194.4  34.1

 6623 kNm.
 Due to resistance at bearings: (As per IRC 6:2016; Pg.no: 43; Cl: 211.5.1.1)
(Assuming the live load & dead load acting on left side bearing and the dead load acting on the right
side bearing)
Co-efficient of friction on left side bearing , = 0.05
Co-efficient of friction on right side bearing ,(reducing 5%) = 0.0475.
Max. Live load acting on left side bearing , R q = 648 (2) = 1296 kN
Max. Dead Load acting on right side bearing, R g = 1500(2)=3000 kN.

Total resistance to sliding on right side bearing,   Rq  Rg
 0.05(3000  1296)
 214 kN

Total resistance to sliding on left side bearing,  Rg

 0.0475(3000)
 142.5 kN.
Unbalanced force, = 214 -142.5 = 72 kN.
Moment due to Unbalanced force at the base of the pier, M xx  70  30.87
 2231 kNm.
4) Due to Water pressure:
(As per IRC 6: 2016, Pg.no:39, Cl : 210 )
Intensity of pressure , P = 52 KV²

 52(0.66) 2  4 
2

 1098.24 kg/m 2  10.98 kN/m 2

(As per IRC 6: 2016, Pg.no:41, Cl : 210 .5),

Considering change of 20° in direction of water current,
Pressure along longitudinal axis of bridge  52(1.5)( 2  4 sin 20 )
 2

 281 kg/m 2  2.81 kN/m 2

Pressure along transverse axis of bridge  52(0.66)( 2  4 cos 20 ) 2

 942 kg/m 2  9.42 kN/m 2

Total pressure along transverse axis of bridge = 10.67 + 9.42 = 20.09 kN/m²
Longitudinal axis of bridge pier, Transverse axis of bridge pier ,
Pressure at H.F.L = 20.09 kN/m² Pressure at H.F.L = 2.81 kN/m²
Pressure at L.W.L = 15.38 kN/m² Pressure at L.W.L = 2.15 kN/m²
Lever arm of resultant pressure (about longitudinal axis),

15.38  4  4 

2 
 20.09  15.38 
2


 4 4 2
3

 20.09  15.38 
15.38(4)   4 
 2 
 2.09
Moment about longitudinal axis,
 20.09  15.38 2.1  2.5
M yy  
 2

2
 15.38
 4  2.09  
  2
   
10  13.1 2 12 13.1 
3 
 26679 kNm

Force along longitudinal axis

 20.09  15.38 2.1  2.5  15.38

   4   12 13.1
 2 2   2 
 1372 kN
Lever arm of resultant pressure (about transverse axis),

2.15  4  4 2   2.81 2 2.15   4  4  2 3


 2.81  2.15 
2.15(4)   4
 2 
 2.09
Moment about transverse axis,

 2.81  2.15 9.2  9.6

M xx  
 2

2
   2.15
 4  2.09 23.1  2.09  2   
3  2
    
10  13.1 2 12 13.1 
3 
 5495 kNm

Force along transverse axis,

 2.81  2.15 9.2  9.6   2.15

   4   12 13.1
 2 2   2 
 262 kNm
5) Stresses due to buoyancy:
(As per IRC 6:2016; Pg.no: 47; cl : 213)
Width of pier at H.F.L = 2.1m
Area of pier at H.F.L = 2.1(7.1)+ π/4(2.1)²=18.37 m².
Submerged volume of pier = 82 m³
Submerged volume of well = 783.21 m³
Net buoyancy force = 10 × 865.21 × 0.15 = -1297 kN
(Density of water = 10 kN/m³, buoyancy effect limited to 15%)

6) Due to wind load :

Minimum limiting load = 2.4 kN/m² on exposed surface.
Area of superstructure in elevation = 70 m².
Load due to wind = 2.4 × 70 = 168 kN.
Moment at the base of pier, 168 × 31.7 = 5354.16 kNm.
7) Due to seismic effect:
As per IS 1893(Part-1) : 2002, Pg.no: 14, cl: 6.4)
For Zone III – factor : 0.16
Seismic moment at the base of the foundation,
 7 

  
 0.16  25   (15.33  4(18.9)  7     23.1 6 2  4.252 
2
 6 
 6513.26 kN/m
Total moment about Longitudinal axis = 70037.76 kNm
Total moment about Transverse axis = 67342.86 kNm.

8) Due to tilt & shift :

23.1
Moment due to tilt   45508
2  80
 5634 kNm
 23.1 
Moment due to shift    0.152  0.152   6504
 2  80 
 2317 kNm
 Total Forces and Moments:
The forces and moments are calculated as follows:
• Total vertical load acting at the base of well foundation W = 45515 kN
• Horizontal force along longitudinal axis of bridge,H LL = 630.8 kN
• Horizontal force along transverse axis of bridge, HTT = 6754.9 kN
• Moment acting at the base of well about longitudinal axis, M LL = 104160 kNm
• Moment acting at the base of well about transverse axis, M TT = 17692 kNm
• Now, the resistance of the soil surrounding the foundation is determined by elastic theory
& ultimate resistance method & is checked whether the soil surrounding the foundation is
able to resist the forces and moments transferred by the well foundation.
• The resistance of soil surrounding the well foundation is calculated as per IRC 45 – 1972
(Recommendations for estimating the resistance of soil below the max. scour level in the
design of well foundation of bridges) ; Annexure 1 & Annexure 2
Elastic Theory:
Step 1:
The value of W,H & M is determined as follows:
Values of total vertical force W ,resultant horizontal force resultant moment M
acting at base of the pier is calculated considering seismic effect & neglecting the wind
effect on bridge . Seismic effect along transverse direction is critical. Hence the forces &
Moments are calculated considering the seismic effect along transverse direction.
W=45508kN
H LL  630.3 kN & H TT  6749.3kN
M LL  104146 kNm & M TT  17696kNm
The values of force and moment as calculated by ,
W=45515kN
H LL  630.8kN & H TT  6754.9kN
M LL  104160kNm & M TT  17692kNm
The results of long hand calculations and as generated by are almost same.Hence, we will
continue the problem considering the force and moment as generated by
Hence, W=45515kN

H  H 2
LL

 H TT  6784kN
2

M  M 2
LL

 M TT  105653kNm
2

STEP2:

 I B  mIv 1 2 ' 

Compute
Take, m=1, I

  12.54
IB   1069.17 m 4
64
0.9  12  10 4
Iv   900m 4
64
12
   0.382
  10
 2
    24.67  22.5.
3
Hence,
  22.5 &  '  tan   0.414
I  I B  mI v 1  2  ' 
 1069.7  1 9001  2  tan   0.382
 2254.5m 4
Step 3: Ensure the following

H
M
1   '  W
r
H
M
1   '  W
r
D 1 10 2254
r     12.53
2 mIV 2 1 900
  tan   tan 37  0.754
 M
1   '  W  105653 1  0.754  0.414  0.754  45515
r 12.53
 23242kN
M
1   '  W  105653
1  0.754  0.414  0.754  45515
r 12.53
 11068.3kN
H  6784kN
 Both the condition are satisfied.
Step4 : Check the elastic state

  K p  K A 
mM
I
2

 cos  

KP     10.96
 cos   sin(   ) sin 
 

2

 cos  

KA     0.226
 cos   sin(   ) sin 
 

 mM 1 105653
  46.86
I 2254.5
 K P  K A   1410.96  0.226   150.3
Hence , the condition is satisfied.

Step5: Calculate  1  W   ' P MB

 
2 A 2I
M 105653
P   8435.35kN
r 12.53

A  12.152  115.9m 2
4
W   ' P MB 45515  0.414  8435.35 105653 12
1    
A 2I 115.9 2  2254.5
 363.43  284.68
  647.1kN / m 2  675kN / m 2
 2  77.7 kN / m 2  0
Hence, safe.
All the above five steps are repeated for loads with combination of wind load
and neglecting seismic effect.
Step1: The values of W,H & M is determined as follows
W=45508kN

M LL  40945.43 kNm & M TT  17696kNm

The values of force and moments as calculated,
W=45515kN

H LL  630.8kN & H TT  1537.4kN

M LL  40945.91kNm & M TT  17692.86kNm
Hence , we will continue the problem considering the force and moment as
generated,
 Hence , W=45515kN

H  H2
LL

 H TT  1661.8kN
2

M  M 2
LL

 M TT  44605kNm
2

STEP2:
Compute
Take, m=1,

I  I B  mIv 1 2 ' 

  12.54
IB   1069.17 m 4
64
0.9  12  10 4
Iv   900m 4
64
12
   0.382
  10
 2
Hence,     24.67  22.5.
3
  22.5 &  '  tan   0.414
I  I B  mI v 1  2  ' 
 1069.7  1 9001  2  tan   0.382
 2254.5m 4
Step3: Ensure the following
H
M
1   '  W
r
H
M
1   '  W
r
D 1 10 2254
r     12.53
2 mIV 2 1 900
  tan   tan 37  0.754
 M
1   '  W  44605 1  0.754  0.414  0.754  45515
r 12.53
 29625kN
M
1   '  W  44605 1  0.754  0.414  0.754  45515
r 12.53
 36747.6kN
H  1661.8kN
 Both the condition are satisfied.
Step 4 : Check the elastic state

  K p  K A 
mM
I
2

 cos  

KP     10.96
 cos   sin(   ) sin 
 

2

 cos  

KA     0.226
 cos   sin(   ) sin 
 

 mM 1 44605
  19.78
I 2254.5
 K P  K A   1410.96  0.226  150.3

Hence , the condition is satisfied

 1  W   ' P MB
Step5: Calculate  
2 A 2I
M 44605
P   3561.28kN
r 12.53

A  12.152  115.9m 2
4

W   ' P MB 45515  0.414  3561.5 44605 12

1    
A 2I 115.9 2  2254.5
 379.85  120.19
  500kN / m 2  675kN / m 2
 2  259.65kN / m 2  0
Hence, safe
Ultimate Resistance Method;

Step 1: Check that w u


A 2
W  1.1DL  1.6 LL
 1.1 44724   1.6  791
 50461.6kN

A  12.152  115.9m 2
4
w 50461.6
  435.2kN / m 2
A 115.9
 u  1687.5kN / m 2
u 1687.5
  843.75kN / m 2
2 2
 w u
Hence, condition  is satisfied.
A 2
`
Step 2: Calculate M b & M s
Calculate M  QWB tan 
b

D 10
  0.83
B 12
D
For ratio  0.83, Q  0.262
B
W  50461.6kN
M b  QWB tan   0.262  50461.6 12  0.754  119552kNm
M s  0.10D 3 K P  K A L
 0.10 14 103 10.96  0.226 0.9 12
 162509kNm
Step 3: Calculate M f  0.1 1 K P  K A B 2 .D2 sin 
M f  0.1 11 4 1 0.9 6 0.2 2 61 22 1 02  sin 2 2.5
 9 1 2 1 .15 2kNm

Step 4: Calculate M t  0.7M b  M s  M f 

 0.7  119552  162509  91211.52 
 261291kNm

Step 5: Calculate M a

Ma  1.25  M LL 2  1.25  M TT 2
 132066kNm
M t  M a .Hence ok .
 REFERENCE
 M.N.Soms,.C.Das,``Theory and practice of foundation design’’ , Ashok.K.Ghosh,New
Delhi,2006.

 P.C.Varghese, ``Foundation Engineering’’, Ashok.K. Ashok.K.Ghosh,New Delhi,2005.

 Saha G.P.``Analysis and design of Varanasi Bridge Well Foundation- A Conceptual

Approach’’, Journal of Indian Road Congress Vol. 54-2, Paper presented in the Annual
Session of IRC in November 1993.

CODE BOOKS:

IS 3955-1972 - Code of Practice for Design And Construction Of Well Foundation.

IRC : 78-200O - Standard Specifications and Code Of Practice For Road Bridges.

IRC : 45-1972 – Recommendation For Estimating the Resistance Of Soil Below the
Maximum Scour Lever in The Design Of Well Foundation.

IRC : 6 – 2016 - Standard Specifications and Code Of Practice For Road Bridges (Section-
II Loads and Load Combinations).