Leadership

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• Leadership
 The ability to influence a group toward the
achievement of goals
• Management
 Use of authority inherent in designated formal rank to
obtain compliance from organizational members
• Both are necessary for organizational success

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 Behavioural Situational
Trait Theory
Theory Theory

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Trait Theories of Leadership (1920-1930)
 Theories that consider personality, social, physical, or
intellectual traits to differentiate leaders from
nonleaders
 Not very useful until matched with the Big Five
Personality Framework
 Essential Leadership Traits
– Extroversion
– Conscientiousness
– Agreeableness
– Openness to Experience
– Neuroticism
– Traits can predict leadership, but they are better at predicting
leader emergence than effectiveness.
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Behavioural Theory: Leadership Grid

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Contingency Theories… (cont’d)

• Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Leadership

Theory (SLT)
• Argues that successful leadership is achieved by selecting
the right leadership style which is contingent on the level
of the followers’ readiness.
• Acceptance: leadership effectiveness depends on whether
followers accept or reject a leader.
• Readiness: the extent to which followers have the ability and
willingness to accomplish a specific task.
• Leaders must relinquish control over and contact with
followers as they become more competent.

8
Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational
Leadership Model

9
 Situational Leadership Theory
 A model that focuses on follower “readiness”
– Effectiveness depends on the followers’ response to the
leader’s actions
– “Readiness” is the extent to which people have the ability
and willingness to accomplish a specific task

Ability to follow Willingness to Follow Leadership Behavior

Unable Unwilling Give clear and specific directions

Unable Willing Display high task orientation

Able Unwilling Use a supportive and participatory

style
Able Willing Doesn’t need to do much

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Leader-Member Exchange Model

Personal
Compatibility
and/or Leader
Subordinate
Competence
Formal
Relations
Trust High
Interactions

Subordinate Subordinate Subordinate Subordinate Subordinate Subordinate

A B C D E F

In-Group Out-Group 11
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Contemporary Views on Leadership
• Transactional Leadership
 Leaders who guide or motivate their followers in the
direction of established goals by clarifying role and
task requirements.
• Transformational Leadership
 Leaders who inspire followers to transcend their own
self-interests for the good of the organization by
clarifying role and task requirements.
 Leaders who also are capable of having a profound
and extraordinary effect on their followers.

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Exhibit: Where Female Managers Do Better: A Scorecard

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