Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Conduction Direction
From
hot to
cold.
Heat Transfer by
Convection
Convection is the process by which
heat energy is transferred by the
actual mass motion of a heated fluid.
Radiation
Atomic Sun
No medium is required !
Kinds of Heat Transfer
Conduction?
Convection?
Radiation?
Heat Current
The heat current H is defined as the quantity
of heat Q transferred per unit of time in the
direction from high temperature to low
temperature.
Steam Ice
Q
H ( J / s)
L = Thickness of material
kADt
Q QL J
H k Units
L A Dt s m C0
The SI Units for Conductivity
Hot Cold QL
k
A Dt
Taken
In literally,
SI units, this means
typically that for a for
small measures 1-mlength
lengthL
of copper whose cross section is 1 m
and area A must be converted to meters and 0
2 and
whose meters,
square end points differ in temperature
respectively, by 1 C ,
before substitution
heatformulas.
into will be conducted at the rate of 1 J/s.
Older Units for Conductivity
Dt = 1 F0 Older units, still active, use
common measurements for
1h
area in ft2 time in hours,
A=1 ft2
length in seconds, and
Q=1 Btu quantity of heat in Btu’s.
L = 1 in. Glass k = 5.6 Btu in./ft2h F0
Material J/s m C o
Btu in/ft h F
2 0
Dt = t2 - t1
= 8 C0
0.015 m
Example 2: The wall of a freezing plant
is composed of 8 cm of corkboard and
12 cm of solid concrete. The inside
surface is at -200C and the outside
surface is +250C. 0
ti
-20 C 250C
What is the interface
temperature ti?
H
A
Steady
Flow
8 cm 12 cm
Radiation
The rate of radiation R is the energy emitted per
unit area per unit time (power per unit area).
Rate of Radiation Q P P
R R es T 4
(W/m2): A A A
Stefan-Boltzman Constant :
s = 5.67 x 10-8 W/m·K4
Example 3: A spherical Find Power
surface 12 cm in radius is Radiated
heated to 6270C. The
emissivity is 0.12. What
power is radiated? A
6270C
Summary: Heat Transfer
Conduction: Heat energy is
transferred by adjacent molecular
collisions inside a material. The
medium itself does not move.
Convection is the process by
which heat energy is
transferred by the actual
mass motion of a heated
fluid.
L = Thickness of material
kADt
Q QL J
H k Units
L A Dt s m C0
Summary of Radiation
The rate of radiation R is the energy emitted per
unit area per unit time (power per unit area).
Rate of Radiation R Q P P
R es T 4
(W/m
R 2): A A A
Emissivity, e : 0>e >1
Stefan-Boltzman Constant :
s = 5.67 x 10-8 W/m·K4
Summary of Formulas
Q kADt QL J
H k Units
L A Dt s m C0
Q kADt H k Dt
H ; P es AT 4
L A L
Q P P
R R es T 4
A A A