THEME: Disaster Risk Reduction

And Climate Change Adaption

 The Earth's average surface temperature has
already risen 0.8° Celsius over the past
century (1.4° Fahrenheit) as a result of human
activity.
How high will And scientists expect average temperatures to rise
an additional 1°C to 4°C in the century ahead if
global greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise (between
temperatures 2.7°F and 7.2°F). That's according to the
rise? IPCC's 2013 assessment:

Projected changes in global annual mean surface temperature

relative to
1986-2005. (IPCC)
 According to the `New Gallup Survey`, the earth`s
temperature continue to rise every year. The earth`s
change in temperature affect almost/ more than the half
population of the earth.

Continues rising Public concern about climate change in the U.S. is at an

all-time high, according to a new Gallup survey —
of the earth`s although not too high. Forty-five percent of the poll’s
respondents say they worry about global warming “a
temperature great deal,” while 62 percent believe its effects are
already occurring. Overall, 68 percent of participants —
the highest level reported yet — said they believe climate
change is driven by human activities, while 29 percent
attribute it to natural causes and 3 percent had no
opinion.
 Between 1998 and 2012, climate scientists observed a slowdown in the
rate at which the Earth's surface air temperature was rising. While the rise in
global mean surface air temperature has continued, between 1998 and 2012 the
increase was approximately one third of that from 1951 to 2012.
This trend — referred to as a "global warming hiatus" — has sparked a
lot of debate and given rise to a reasonable question: Is global warming coming
to a halt?
According to Norman Loeb, an atmospheric scientist at NASA's Langley
Research Center in Hampton, Virginia, and the principal investigator of a space-

NASA
borne sensor called the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System, or CERES, the
answer is almost certainly no.
"Heating is still going on," he said. "It's just not in terms of the surface
air temperature."
Loeb explained the science behind that statement Tuesday, Aug. 5,
during a talk at NASA Langley titled "The Recent Pause in Global Warming: A
Temporary Blip or Something More Permanent?"
Though Loeb believes there are a handful of short-term factors that
drive changes in surface air temperature, like the El Niño and La Niña
phenomena that cause temperature fluctuations in the tropical eastern Pacific
approximately every two years, he thinks there is a longer term factor that is a
significant and overlooked contributor.
What are the major and
minor causes of climate
change?
 Causes of Climate Change
 Earth’s temperature is a balancing act
 The greenhouse effect causes the atmosphere to retain
heat

Causes  Changes in the sun’s energy affect how much energy

reaches Earth’s system
 Changes in reflectivity affect how much energy enters
Earth’s system
Earth's temperature depends on the balance between energy entering
and leaving the planet’s system. When incoming energy from the sun is
absorbed by the Earth system, Earth warms. When the sun’s energy is
reflected back into space, Earth avoids warming. When absorbed energy
is released back into space, Earth cools. Many factors, both natural and
human, can cause changes in Earth’s energy balance, including:
 Variations in the sun's energy reaching Earth
 Changes in the reflectivity of Earth’s atmosphere and surface
 Changes in the greenhouse effect, which affects the amount of heat retained by Earth’s atmosphere

These factors have caused Earth’s climate to change many times.

Scientists have pieced together a record of Earth’s climate, dating back hundreds of thousands of years
(and, in some cases, millions or hundreds of millions of years), by analyzing a number of indirect
measures of climate such as ice cores, tree rings, glacier lengths, pollen remains, and ocean
sediments, and by studying changes in Earth’s orbit around the sun.[2]
This record shows that the climate system varies naturally over a wide range of time scales. In general,
climate changes prior to the Industrial Revolution in the 1700s can be explained by natural causes,
such as changes in solar energy, volcanic eruptions, and natural changes in greenhouse gas (GHG)
concentrations.[2]
Recent climate changes, however, cannot be explained by natural causes alone. Research indicates
that natural causes do not explain most observed warming, especially warming since the mid-
20thcentury. Rather, it is extremely likely that human activities have been the dominant cause of that
warming.[2]
 When sunlight reaches Earth’s surface, it can either be reflected back into space or
absorbed by Earth. Once absorbed, the planet releases some of the energy back into the
atmosphere as heat (also called infrared radiation). Greenhouse gases like water vapor
(H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) absorb energy, slowing or preventing the
loss of heat to space. In this way, GHGs act like a blanket, making Earth warmer than it
would otherwise be. This process is commonly known as the “greenhouse effect.”
The role of the greenhouse effect in the past
Over the last several hundred thousand years, CO2 levels varied in tandem with the
glacial cycles. During warm "interglacial" periods, CO2 levels were higher. During cool
"glacial" periods, CO2 levels were lower.[2] The heating or cooling of Earth’s surface and
oceans can cause changes in the natural sources and sinks of these gases, and thus change
greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere.[2] These changing concentrations are
thought to have acted as a positive feedback, amplifying the temperature changes caused
by long-term shifts in Earth’s orbit.[2]
The recent role of the greenhouse effect
Since the Industrial Revolution began around 1750, human activities have contributed substantially to climate change by
adding CO2 and other heat-trapping gases to the atmosphere. These greenhouse gas emissionshave increased the greenhouse
effect and caused Earth’s surface temperature to rise. The primary human activity affecting the amount and rate of climate change is
greenhouse gas emissions from the burning of fossil fuels.
The main greenhouse gases
The most important GHGs directly emitted by humans include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O),
and several others. The sources and recent trends of these gases are detailed below.
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change. CO2 is absorbed and emitted
naturally as part of the carbon cycle, through plant and animal respiration, volcanic eruptions, and ocean-atmosphere exchange.
Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, release large amounts of CO2, causing concentrations in
the atmosphere to rise.
Atmospheric CO2 concentrations have increased by more than 40% since pre-industrial times, from approximately 280
parts per million by volume (ppmv) in the 18th century to over 400 ppmv in 2015. The monthly average concentration at Mauna Loa
now exceeds 400 ppmv for the first time in human history. The current CO2 level is higher than it has been in at least 800,000 years.[2]
Some volcanic eruptions released large quantities of CO2 in the distant past. However, the U.S. Geological Survey
(USGS) reports that human activities now emit more than 135 times as much CO2 as volcanoes each year.
Human activities currently release over 30 billion tons of CO2 into the atmosphere every year.[2] The resultant build-up of
CO2 in the atmosphere is like a tub filling with water, where more water flows from the faucet than the drain can take away.
Methane

Methane is produced through both natural and human activities. For example,
natural wetlands, agricultural activities, and fossil fuel extraction and transport all emit CH4.
Methane is more abundant in Earth’s atmosphere now than at any time in at least the
past 800,000 years.[2] Due to human activities, CH4 concentrations increased sharply during
most of the 20th century and are now more than two-and-a-half times pre-industrial levels. In
recent decades, the rate of increase has slowed considerably.[2]
For more information on CH4 emissions and sources, and actions that can reduce
emissions, see EPA’s Methane page in the Greenhouse Gas Emissions website. For
information on how methane is impacting the Arctic, see the EPA report Methane and Black
Carbon Impacts on the Arctic.
Nitrous oxide

Nitrous oxide is produced through natural and human activities, mainly through
agricultural activities and natural biological processes. Fuel burning and some other
processes also create N2O. Concentrations of N2O have risen approximately 20% since the
start of the Industrial Revolution, with a relatively rapid increase toward the end of the 20th
century.[2]
Overall, N2O concentrations have increased more rapidly during the past century
than at any time in the past 22,000 years.[2] For more information on N2O emissions and
sources, and actions that can reduce emissions, see EPA’s Nitrous Oxide page in
the Greenhouse Gas Emissions website.
 Climate is influenced by natural changes that affect how much solar energy
reaches Earth. These changes include changes within the sun and changes in Earth’s orbit.
Changes occurring in the sun itself can affect the intensity of the sunlight that
reaches Earth’s surface. The intensity of the sunlight can cause either warming (during
periods of stronger solar intensity) or cooling (during periods of weaker solar intensity).
The sun follows a natural 11-year cycle of small ups and downs in intensity, but the effect
on Earth’s climate is small.[1]
Changes in the shape of Earth’s orbit as well as the tilt and position of Earth’s axis
can also affect the amount of sunlight reaching Earth’s surface.[1][2]
  Climate Change and Human Health
 Temperature-Related Death and Illness
EFFECTS OF  Air Quality Impacts
CLIMATE CHANGE  Extreme Events
ON HUMAN  Food Safety, Nutrition, and Distribution
Climate Change and Human Health
The influences of weather and climate on human health are significant and
varied. Exposure to health hazards related to climate change affects different
people and different communities to different degrees. While often assessed
individually, exposure to multiple climate change threats can occur
simultaneously, resulting in compounding or cascading health impacts (see
Figure ES2). With climate change, the frequency, severity, duration, and location
of weather and climate phenomena—like rising temperatures, heavy rains and
droughts, and some other kinds of severe weather—are changing. This means
that areas already experiencing health-threatening weather and climate
phenomena, such as severe heat or hurricanes, are likely to experience
worsening impacts, such as higher temperatures and increased storm intensity,
rainfall rates, and storm surge.
Temperature-Related Death and Illness
Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases lead to an increase of both average and extreme
temperatures. This is expected to lead to an increase in deaths and illness from heat and a potential
decrease in deaths from cold (see Figure ES3), particularly for a number of communities especially
vulnerable to these changes, such as children, the elderly, and economically disadvantaged groups.
Days that are hotter than the average seasonal temperature in the summer or colder than the average
seasonal temperature in the winter cause increased levels of illness and death by compromising the
body’s ability to regulate its temperature or by inducing direct or indirect health complications. Loss of
internal temperature control can result in a cascade of illnesses, including heat cramps, heat
exhaustion, heatstroke, and hyperthermia in the presence of extreme heat, and hypothermia and
frostbite in the presence of extreme cold. Temperature extremes can also worsen chronic conditions
such as cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, cerebrovascular disease, and diabetes-related
conditions. Prolonged exposure to high temperatures is associated with increased hospital admissions
for cardiovascular, kidney, and respiratory disorders.
Air Quality Impacts
Changes in the climate affect the air we breathe, both indoors and outdoors.
The changing climate has modified weather patterns, which in turn have influenced
the levels and location of outdoor air pollutants such as ground-level ozone (O3) (see
Figure ES4) and fine particulate matter. Increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) levels also
promote the growth of plants that release airborne allergens (aeroallergens). Finally,
these changes to outdoor air quality and aeroallergens also affect indoor air quality as
both pollutants and aeroallergens infiltrate homes, schools, and other buildings. Poor
air quality, whether outdoors or indoors, can negatively affect the
human respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Higher pollen concentrations and
longer pollen seasons can increase allergic sensitization and asthma episodes and
thereby limit productivity at work and school.
Extreme Events
Climate change projections show that there will be continuing increases in the occurrence and
severity of some extreme events by the end of the century, while for other extremes the links to climate
change are more uncertain. Some regions of the United States have already experienced costly impacts—in
terms of both lives lost and economic damages (see Figure ES5)—from observed changes in the frequency,
intensity, or duration of certain extreme events (see Table 1 in Ch 4: Extreme Events). While it is intuitive
that extremes can have health impacts such as death or injury during an event (for example, drowning
during floods), health impacts can also occur before or after an extreme event, as individuals may be
involved in activities that put their health at risk, such as disaster preparation and post-event cleanup.
Health risks may also arise long after the event, or in places outside the area where the event took place, as
a result of damage to property, destruction of assets, loss of infrastructure and public services, social and
economic impacts, environmental degradation, and other factors. Extreme events also pose unique health
risks if multiple events occur simultaneously or in succession in a given location. The severity and extent of
health effects associated with extreme events depend on the physical impacts of the extreme events
themselves as well as the unique human, societal, and environmental circumstances at the time and place
where events occur.
Food Safety, Nutrition, and Distribution
A safe and nutritious food supply is a vital component of food security. The impacts of climate
change on food production, prices, and trade for the United States and globally have been widely examined,
including in the recent report “Climate Change, Global Food Security, and the U.S. Food System.” An
overall finding of that report was that “climate change is very likely to affect global, regional, and local
food security by disrupting food availability, decreasing access to food, and making utilization more
difficult.” This chapter focuses on some of the less reported aspects of food security, specifically the
impacts of climate change on food safety, nutrition, and distribution. There are two overarching means by
which increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) and climate change alter safety, nutrition, and distribution of food.
The first is associated with rising global temperatures and the subsequent changes in weather patterns and
extreme climate events. Current and anticipated changes in climate and the physical environment have
consequences for contamination, spoilage, and the disruption of food distribution. The second pathway is
through the direct CO2 “fertilization” effect on plant photosynthesis. Higher concentrations of
CO2 stimulate growth and carbohydrate production in some plants, but can lower the levels of protein and
essential minerals in a number of widely consumed crops, including wheat, rice, and potatoes, with
potentially negative implications for human nutrition.
WAYS TO LESSEN
THE EFFECTS OF WHAT ARE YOUR IDEAS?
CLIMATE CHANGE
 Let`s start with our simple doings such as?
 Clean the environment
 Avoid throwing garbage anywhere
1  Stop using smoke belching vehicle and start using
bicycles or start walking
 Start planting
 Organize campaigns and advocacies
2
 WHAT ARE YOU
GOING TO DO TO
LESSEN THE EFFECTS
OF CLIMATE CHANGE
ON YOUR BARANGAY
OR CITY
THANK YOU!!!