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ANSWERS:
a) 298.786
b) Infinity
c) Zero
d) infinity
A Distortionless line operating at 120 MHz has the parameters R=10 ohm/meter, L=0.9
microH/meter, C=21 picoF/meter. Find
ANSWER:
i) 2.56 meter
ii) 0.24 meter
A telephone line has the following parameters
R = 60 ohm/m
L = 0.3 microH/m
G = 600 microS/m
C = 0.75 nanoF/m
Find the distance at which voltage drops to 30 dB. Line is operating at 10 MHz.
Answer:
Phase velocity : 0.5 x 10^8 m/s
Characteristics Impedance : 100 ohms
A lossless line ha the following parameter
𝑣𝑔 = 10∠0𝑜 𝑉
𝑍𝑔 = 50 − 𝑗40 Ω
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝛽 = 0.25
𝑚
Determine the input impedance at the following points
i) Sending end
ii) Receiving end
iii) 4 m from the load
iv) 3 m from the source
ANSWER: i) j29.4 ohm, ii) j40 ohm, iii) –j3990 ohm, iv)
BHAVIN V KAKANI
Electronics & Communication Engineering Department
Institute of Technology, Nirma University
Impedance transformation from the complex impedance plane to the
complex reflection coefficient plane.
Representing constant resistance and constant reactance circles on
complex gamma- plane(reflection coefficient plane).
Smith chart - Orthogonal impedance coordinate system on complex
gamma- plane(reflection coefficient plane).
Analytical Approach (equation based approach)
Since for passive loads , the reflection coefficient can be denoted by a point with the unity
circle in the complex - plane. 'R' denotes the magnitude of the reflection coefficient and ‘θ’
denotes the phase of the reflection coefficient.
Since there is one-to-one mapping between 𝑍ҧ to , the entire right half Z-plane is mapped on to the region
within the unity circle in the -plane.
• So if we try to map all possible impedances into complex gamma plane, so for doing that
1,0
0,0
1,0
“As ‘r’ increases from 0 to ∞, the centre of the circle
is moved from (0,0) to (1,0) and radius of the circle
decreases”
2 2
r 2 1
r i
r 1 r 1
Im(reflection coef.)
1•j
plot as a function of r
these are circles!
r
• center , 0
1 r
1
• radius
1 r
When r = 0
1
2
r 0 i 1
2 2 -1 Re(reflection coef.)
1
When: 0 < r < 1
When: r = 1
2 2
1 2 1
r i
1 1 1 1
When: r > 1 curves of constant r = Re(Z) -1•j
Im(reflection coef.)
2 2
1 1 j
• from the Im part: r 1 i
2
x x
– these are also
circles!
1 1
• center 1 , • radius
x x
plot as a function of x
1
x=
2
r 1 2 i 1 1
-1 Re(reflection coef.)
When: x > 0
When: x < 0
When: x = 0
2
1
r 1
2 1
i 2 curves of constant x = Im(Z) -j
0 0
Admittance Smith Chart Impedance Smith Chart
As ‘x’ increases from 0 to ∞, the centre of circle moves away from (1,
∞) to (1,0) and radius of its circle decreases.
Centre of r-circles is moved along the horizontal axis whereas the
centre of x-circles moves along the vertical axis on which u=1.
Clockwise movement on the smith chart represents the movement
towards generator.
Anticlockwise movement represents moving towards load side.
Mapping RHP to a unit circle
– Smith Chart
Inductive
High Z
Resistive
Low Z
Capacitive
Toward Constant
Generator Reflection
Coefficient
Circle
Away Scale in
From Wavelengths
Generator