A photograph or a pictorial drawing shows an object as it appears to
the observer, but not as it is, such a picture cannot describe the object fully no matter from which direction it is viewed. In the industry a complete and clear description of the shape and size of object is necessary for this to be achieved drawings are made in orthographic projections. This is a system of drawing used in engineering to illustrate an object in such a way that a designer’s idea can be converted successfully into a finished product. Orthographic projection is: A technical drawing method in which different views of an object are projected on different reference planes observed perpendicular to respective reference plane; the different Reference planes are Horizontal Plane (HP),Vertical Frontal Plane ( VP ),Side Or Profile Plane ( PP), the different Views are Front View (FV), Top View (TV) and Side View (SV) A parallel projection technique in which the plane of projection is perpendicular to the parallel line of sight. a system of drawing views of an object using perpendicular projectors from the object to a plane of projectionOrthographic a collection of 2-D drawings that work together to give an accurate There are two methods of representing objects in orthographic projection: 1. First angle projection 2. Third angle projection The names first angle and third angle are derived from mathematics. A circle is divided into four right angles thus forming four quadrants. The first angle is from 00 to 900 in the first quadrant and the third angle is from 1800 to 2700 in the third quadrant. Both systems of projection, First and Third angle, are approved internationally and have equal status. The system used must be clearly indicated on every drawing, using the appropriate symbol, First Angle projection is more common in Europe and Asia while Third Angle projection is widely used in Africa, 2700 the USA and the UK.
1800 00
900 First Angle Projection Consider the first quadrant from the figure above, the resultant drawing of the cone would be obtained by flattening the two perpendicular planes as shown below Third Angle Projection Consider the third quadrant from the quadrants figure, the resultant drawing of the cone would be obtained by flattening the two perpendicular planes as shown below THIRD ANGLE ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION VIEWS Drawing symbols for First- and Third-Angle Projection Example of Six Principal Views in Orthographic projection
a). Isometric View
b). Object enclosed in a
glass box
c).Orthographic projections Orthographic Exercises The Figure shows an assembled drawing block diagram. Sketch the front view, end view and the top view using the first angle projection taking direction labeled A as the front and B as the end view
B Orthographic Exercises The Figure below shows an assembled drawing block diagram. Sketch the front view, end view and the top view using the first angle projection taking direction labeled A as the front and B as the end view
B The Figure below shows an isometric diagram. Sketch the front view, side view and the top view using the first angle projection taking direction labeled A as the front and B as the side view
B A completed First angle projection drawing. The Figure below shows an isometric diagram. Sketch the front view, side view and the top view using the third angle projection taking direction labeled A as the front and B as the side view
A B The Figure below shows an isometric diagram. Sketch the front view, end view and the top view using the third angle projection taking direction labeled A as the front and B as the side view
B The Figure below shows an isometric diagram. Sketch the front view, side view and the top view using the third angle projection taking direction labeled A as the front and B as the side view
A B The Figure below shows an isometric diagram. Sketch the front view, side view and the top view using the third angle projection taking direction labeled A as the front and B as the side view
A B ISOMETRIC DRAWING Isometric drawing is way of presenting designs/drawings in three dimensions. In order for a design to appear three dimensional, a 30 degree angle is applied to its sides. The cubes shown below have been drawn in isometric projection. An isometric view of an object can be obtained by choosing the viewing direction such that the angles between the projections of the x, y, and z axes are all the same, or 120 AutoCAD has a command called ISOPLANE which allows you to easily draw at a 30 degree angle as needed for an isometric drawing. You can switch between the three 'isoplanes' (top, right, left) by using this command or by pressing the F5 key. Newer versions of AutoCAD have an Isoplane icon on the status bar. AutoCAD has an isometric drawing mode that lets you drawing 3D- looking objects in 2D just like when you draw 3D objects on a flat sheet of paper. This means that even AutoCAD LT can draw 3D representations Isometric planes: Isometric planes are basically increments of 30 degrees. When you create an isometric drawing, "vertical" lines stay vertical, but "horizontal" lines are drawn at either 30 degrees or 150 degrees to give the impression of depth to the drawing. Here's an isometric "cube": It has a 3D appearance, but really it's just 2D lines drafted on rotated isoplanes and symbols appear tilted along the isometric axes. This provides the illusion of a 3D view in a 2D model. Isometric drawings simulate a 3D object from a particular viewpoint by aligning along 3 major axes. The Isoplane option on the Properties palette restricts cursor movement to appropriate rotated angles along isometric planes. You can work on one of 3 isometric planes, each with an associated pair of axes: •Left. Aligns symbols and lines along 90-degree and 150-degree axes. •Top. Aligns symbols and lines along 30-degree and 150-degree axes. •Right. Aligns symbols and lines along 30-degree and 90-degree axes. Choosing one of the 3 isometric planes causes the AutoCAD Ortho mode and the crosshairs to be aligned along the corresponding isometric axes in the WCS. You can switch between planes as you draft. For example, you can start a run on the top plane, switch to the left plane to draw a riser, and then switch to the right plane to complete the run. Although an isometric drawing appears to be 3D, it is actually a 2D representation. Therefore, you cannot extract 3D distances, display objects from different view ports, or remove hidden lines automatically. The isometric projection is a technique that is widely utilized in engineering and technical drawings. It is said to be the visual representation of three-dimensional shapes on two-dimensional planes. Isometric projection is kind of axonometric projection where all three coordinate axes do appear equally; also, the angle between any two of coordinate axes is 120 degrees. Drawing Isometric Projection from Orthographic Projection.
1st step: Draw a rectangular prism shape with a proportional length, width and height, a front view is determined the designer. 2nd step: Continuous lines (object line) on a front view of orthographic projection is re-drawn on isometric projection. 3rd step: Continuous lines (object line) on a top view of orthographic projection is re-drawn on isometric projection. 4th step: Continuous lines (object line) on a side view of orthographic projection drawn projection ,Other continuous lines on the front and top view is completed. 5th step: Hidden lines are drawn Draw the Isometric Projection of the following Orthographic projection 1st step: To draw a rectangular prism shape with a proportional length, width and height. a front view is determined by yourself. In this example, a front view is shown by an arrow line
2nd step: Continuous lines (object line) on a front view of orthographic projection is re-drawn on isometric projection. 3rd step: Continuous lines (object line) on a top view of orthographic projection is re-drawn on isometric projection.
4th step: Other continuous lines on the front and top view is completed 5th step: Hidden lines on the right view is drawn
A hollow part below the object is represented by continuous line B
and line C. Continuous line C has a role as the end of hollow part. After whole lines is completed, the final object is shown below: Draw the Isometric Projection of the following Orthographic projection Draw the Isometric Projection of the following Orthographic projection Draw the assembled drawing of the following Orthographic projection Draw the assembled drawing of the following Orthographic projection Draw the assembled drawing of the following Orthographic projection
