Mecánica de Materiales

Intruduccion
Conceptos
Concepto de Resistencia
El principal objetivo del estudio de la mecánica de materiales es
proveer al futuro ingeniero las herramientas de análisis y diseño de
estructuras de maquinas y cargas en vigas.
El análisis y diseño de una estructura dada envuelve la determinación
de resistencias y deformaciones.
Revisión de Estática
La estructura esta diseñada para soportar 30
kN de carga y consiste de barras y rodillos
unidos por pines en las unions y soportes.
Realice un analisis estatico para determiner la
fuerza interna en cada miembro structural y
fuerzas de reaccion en los soportes
Diagrama de cuerpo libre

• Condiciones de equilibrio estatico:

 M C  0  Ax 0.6 m   30 kN 0.8 m 
Ax  40 kN
 Fx  0 Ax  C x
C x   Ax  40 kN
 Fy  0  Ay  C y  30 kN  0
Ay  C y  30 kN
Cada component de la estructura debe satsifacer las
condiciones de equilibrio estatico

Considere el diagrama de cuerpo libre para la

barra horizontal
 M B  0   Ay 0.8 m 
Ay  0
Susittuyendo en la ecuación de
equilibrio
C y  30 kN

• Resulta
A  40 kN  C x  40 kN  C y  30 kN 
Método de los nudos

Las fuerzas en cada barra se muestran en sus

extremos


 B 0
F
FAB FBC 30 kN
 
4 5 3
FAB  40 kN FBC  50 kN
 Puede la estructura soportar en forma segura 30
kN de carga?

Del analisis estatico

FAB = 40 kN (compresion)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)

• Analizando la seccion a traves de del

miembro BC, la fuerza interna es 50 kN con
una Resistencia de:
dBC = 20 mm P 50 103 N
 BC    159 MPa
A 314 10-6 m2
• De las propiedades del material de acero

 all  165 MPa

• Se concluye que:la Resistencia del miembro

BC es adecuada.
Diseño
• Diseñar una nueva estructura require una seleccion apropiada de
materiales y dimensiones de components para un buen desempeño

• Por razones basadas en costo, peso, confiabilidad,

etc, etc., la seleccion se hace para el rodillo de
aluminio all= 100 MPa). Cual es su diametro
apropiado ?
P P 50 103 N
 all  A   500 10  6 m 2
A  all 100 106 Pa
d2
A
4

d
4A


4 500 10  6 m 2   2.52 102 m  25.2 mm
 

• Un diametro de 26 mm o mas es un diametro

adecuado
Carga axial
• The resultant of the internal forces for an axially
loaded member is normal to a section cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

• The force intensity on that section is defined as

the normal stress.
F P
  lim  ave 
A0 A A

• The normal stress at a particular point may not be

equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
stress distribution must satisfy
P   ave A   dF    dA
A

• The detailed distribution of stress is statically

indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from statics
alone.
Carga céntrica y excéntrica
• A uniform distribution of stress in a section
infers that the line of action for the resultant of
the internal forces passes through the centroid
of the section.
• A uniform distribution of stress is only
possible if the concentrated loads on the end
sections of two-force members are applied at
the section centroids. This is referred to as
centric loading.

• If a two-force member is eccentrically loaded,

then the resultant of the stress distribution in a
section must yield an axial force and a
moment.

• The stress distributions in eccentrically loaded

members cannot be uniform or symmetric.
Resistencia al corte
• Forces P and P’ are applied transversely to the
member AB.
• Corresponding internal forces act in the plane
of section C and are called shearing forces.
• The resultant of the internal shear force
distribution is defined as the shear of the section
and is equal to the load P.
• The corresponding average shear stress is,
P
 ave 
A
• Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the
member surfaces to maximum values that may be
much larger than the average value.
• The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to
be uniform.
Ejemplos de resistencia al corte
Cortante simpe Cortante doble o
doble cortadua

P F
 ave   P F
A A  ave  
A 2A
Resistencia en pines de conexión
• Bolts, rivets, and pins create
stresses on the points of contact
or bearing surfaces of the
members they connect.

• The resultant of the force

distribution on the surface is
equal and opposite to the force
exerted on the pin.

• Corresponding average force

intensity is called the bearing
stress,
P P
b  
A td
Análisis de resistencia y ejemplos de diseño
• Would like to determine the
stresses in the members and
connections of the structure
shown.

• From a statics analysis:

FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)

• Must consider maximum

normal stresses in AB and
BC, and the shearing stress
and bearing stress at each
pinned connection
Rodillos y Esfuerzo normal en barras
• The rod is in tension with an axial force of 50 kN.

• At the rod center, the average normal stress in the

circular cross-section (A = 314x10-6m2) is BC = +159
MPa.

• At the flattened rod ends, the smallest cross-sectional

area occurs at the pin centerline,
A  20 mm40 mm  25 mm  300 10 6 m 2

P 50 103 N
 BC,end    6 2
 167 MPa
A 300 10 m

• The boom is in compression with an axial force of 40

kN and average normal stress of –26.7 MPa.
Resistencia en pines de corte
• The cross-sectional area for pins at A, B,
and C,
2
 25 mm  6 2
A r 
2
  491 10 m
 2 

• The force on the pin at C is equal to the

force exerted by the rod BC,
P 50 103 N
 C , ave    6 2
 102 MPa
A 491 10 m

• The pin at A is in double shear with a

total force equal to the force exerted by
the boom AB,
P 20 kN
 A, ave    6 2
 40.7 MPa
A 491 10 m
Resistencia en pines de corte
• Divide the pin at B into sections to determine
the section with the largest shear force,
PE  15 kN
PG  25 kN (largest)

• Evaluate the corresponding average

shearing stress,
PG 25 kN
 B, ave    50.9 MPa
A 491 10 6 m 2
Resistencia en pines de corte

• To determine the bearing stress at A in the boom AB,

we have t = 30 mm and d = 25 mm,
P 40 kN
b    53.3 MPa
td 30 mm 25 mm 

• To determine the bearing stress at A in the bracket,

we have t = 2(25 mm) = 50 mm and d = 25 mm,
P 40 kN
b    32.0 MPa
td 50 mm25 mm
Resistencia en miembros forzados
• Axial forces on a two force
member result in only normal
stresses on a plane cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

• Transverse forces on bolts and

pins result in only shear stresses
on the plane perpendicular to bolt
or pin axis.

• Will show that either axial or

transverse forces may produce both
normal and shear stresses with respect
to a plane other than one cut
perpendicular to the member axis.
Resistencia en planos oblicuos
• Pass a section through the member forming
an angle q with the normal plane.

• From equilibrium conditions, the

distributed forces (stresses) on the plane
must be equivalent to the force P.

• Resolve P into components normal and

tangential to the oblique section,
F  P cosq V  P sinq

• The average normal and shear stresses on

the oblique plane are
F P cosq P
   cos2 q
Aq A0 A0
cosq
V P sin q P
   sin q cosq
Aq A0 A0
cosq
Resistencia máxima
• Normal and shearing stresses on an oblique
plane
P P
 cos2 q  sin q cosq
A0 A0

• The maximum normal stress occurs when the

reference plane is perpendicular to the member
axis,
P
m    0
A0

• The maximum shear stress occurs for a plane at

+ 45o with respect to the axis,
P P
m  sin 45 cos 45  
A0 2 A0
Resistencia bajo carga general
• A member subjected to a general
combination of loads is cut into
two segments by a plane passing
through Q

• The distribution of internal stress

components may be defined as,
F x
 x  lim
A0 A

V yx Vzx
 xy  lim  xz  lim
A0 A A0 A

• For equilibrium, an equal and

opposite internal force and stress
distribution must be exerted on
the other segment of the member.
Estado de la resistencia
• Stress components are defined for the planes
cut parallel to the x, y and z axes. For
equilibrium, equal and opposite stresses are
exerted on the hidden planes.
• The combination of forces generated by the
stresses must satisfy the conditions for
equilibrium:
 Fx   Fy   Fz  0
Mx  M y  Mz  0
• Consider the moments about the z axis:
 M z  0   xy Aa   yx Aa
 xy   yx
similarly,  yz   zy and  yz   zy

• It follows that only 6 components of stress are

required to define the complete state of stress
 Factor de seguridad
Structural members or machines
must be designed such that the
working stresses are less than the
ultimate strength of the material.
FS  Factor of safety
u ultimate stress
FS   • maintenance requirements and
 all allowable stress
Factor of safety considerations:
• uncertainty in material properties
• uncertainty of loadings
• uncertainty of analyses
• number of loading cycles
• types of failure
deterioration effects
• importance of member to structures
integrity
• risk to life and property
• influence on machine function