TOPIC 1.

3-3 24/09/2018
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell Comparison

Key Words
eukaryotic – nucleus –
nucleolus – ribosomes –
endoplasmic reticulum –
mitochondria – centrioles –
lysosomes – golgi apparatus
Objectives:
•To be able to recognise the ultra structures of prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells from different types of images
•To be able to relate structure to function of eukaryotic cells
•To be able to distinguish between differing ultrastructure of
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells depicted in both cell diagrams
and electron micrographs
THE ANIMAL CELL
Can you identify any organelles within this cell?
THE ANIMAL CELL rough endoplasmic reticulum
mitochondrion

free
ribosome

lysosome

nucleolus

smooth endoplasmic nucleus

reticulum

centriole Golgi apparatus

 mitochondrion

nuclear envelope

nucleolus

chromatin
 Types of cell
2 types of cell can be recognised
on the basis of their structure.

Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic

cells

Found in bacteria and Found in all other organisms

cyanobacteria in the Kingdoms
in the Kingdom Protoctista
Prokaryotae Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
 Examples of prokaryotes

Bacteria

Cyanobacteria
 The structure of prokaryotic cells is illustrated by the
structure of a bacterium

Bacterial cells are very small, typically 10mm or less

Copy this diagram – leave room to annotate labels throughout
this ppt

www.biologymad.
com – some great
info on this site –
use for reference
and revision!
The bacterial CELL WALL is complex
the basic structure is a meshwork of a tough
protein called murein (but NOT cellulose)

The PLASMA MEMBRANE has the same

structure in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes
it is the main boundary between the inside of the
cell and the environment.
Prokaryotic cells do not contain
any MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES

They do not have any MITOCHONDRIA

but they do have MESOSOMES which
are in-foldings of the cell membrane that
provide a large surface area for the
attachment of the enzymes involved in
respiration.
The genetic material is packaged differently to eukaryotic cells;
there is a single circular piece of DNA forming the
BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME
but there is no NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
There are also PLASMIDS
which are separate tiny circles of DNA
carrying only a few genes
which occur throughout the cytoplasm
 Prokaryotic cells also have RIBOSOMES
which are the site of protein synthesis,
but they are not attached to any membranes
and they are also smaller than those in eukaryotic cells.

.
The bacterial flagellum is a “whip-like” structure
that rotates allowing the bacterium to move;
not all bacteria have a flagellum
and some bacteria have more than one
Some bacteria have a slimy
CAPSULE
outside the cell wall .
slime is a type of protein
which can stop the cell drying
out,
stick cells together or
protect the cell against the
action of a host’s digestive
enzymes
Draw a table to compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
TABLE COMPARING EUKARYOTES AND
PROKARYOTES
x
x
x
x
HOMEWORK
Pro & Eukaryotic Questions