Fisika Matematika III

Parabolic Partial Differential Equations

- Heat Equation

Irwan Ary Dharmawan

http://phys.unpad.ac.id/jurusan/staff/dharmaw
an/kuliah
 After this lecture …..
A uniform rod (1D)

Modelling

u  2u
k 2
t x

Boundary Value
Problem
u ( x, t ) ??
 Heat Equation

 ( x, t )  ( x  x, t )

x0 x x  x xL

heat energy  e( x, t ) Ax

e( x, t )  thermal energy density

Rate of change of heat energy in time = heat energy flowing

across boundaries per unit time + heat energy generated
inside per unit time  Conservation of heat energy
Conservation of Heat Energy
(thin slice)

[e( x, t ) Ax]   ( x, t ) A   ( x  x, t ) A  Q( x, t ) Ax
t

Rate of Heat energy Heat

change of flowing energy
heat = across + generated
energy in boundaries inside per
time per unit time unit time
if we take lim x  0
e lim  ( x, t )   ( x  x, t )
  Q ( x, t )
t x  0 x

e 
 Q
t x
 Conservation of Heat
Energy (exact)
 Consider finite x  a to x  b
segment
 ( a, t )  (b, t )

x0 xa xb xL

d b b

dt a
edx   (a, t )   (b, t )   Qdx
a

Remember

d b b e 
 edx  
b
dx  (a, t )   (b, t )    dx
dt a a t a x
 Conservation of Heat
Energy (exact)
 If  continuosly differentiable

b  e  
a  t x dx  0
  Q

e 
 Q *
t x
Specific Heat and Thermal Energy

 Specific Heat c ( ) is the heat energy

that must be supplied to a unit mass of a
substance to raise its temperature one
unit
 Thermal Energy in a thin slice is defined
as the energy it takes to raise the u ( x, t )
temperature from a reference
e( x, t ) A0x to
temperature  cits u ( x, t ) temperature
( x)actual Ax

Plug in to *
 Finally ….
u 
c( x)  ( x)  Q
t x


How to determine ?
 Fourier’s Law
 If the temperature is constant in region, no heat
energy flows
 If there are temperature differences, the heat
energy flows from the hotter region to the
colder region
 The greater the temperature differences (for the
same material), the greater is the flow of heat
energy
The flow of heatenergy will
u vary for different

 K0 **
materials, even with thesame
x temperature
differences K 0 Is the thermal conductivity
Heat Equation
u   u 
c( x)  ( x)   K0   Q
t x  x 

If c,  and K 0 are
constant
u  2u
c  K0 2  Q
t x

If there is no
source

u  2u K0
k 2 k
t x c
 Initial and Boundary
Conditions
 Since the heat equations have one time
derivative, we must be given one Initial
Conditions (usually at t=0) and two conditions
for the second derivatives (usually one
conditions at each end) to predict the future
temperature

 Example :
u (0, t )  T1 (t )
u ( x,0)  f ( x) u ( L, t )  T2 (t )
 Boundary Conditions
u (0, t )  u B (t ) Dirichlet

u
 K 0 (0) (0, t )   (t ) Neumann
x

u
 K 0 (0) (0, t )   H [u (0, t )  u B (t )] Robin
x
 Equlibrium Temperature
Distribution
 Consider the Heat Equation in a one-dimensional
rod ( 0  x  L ) with constant thermal
coeficients and no sources of thermal energy

u u 2
k 2
t x

IC u ( x,0)  f ( x)

u (0, t )  T1 (t )
BC
u ( L, t )  T2 (t )
 Equlibrium Temperature
Distribution
 Suppose the boundary conditions were
steady u (0, t )  T1
u ( L, t )  T2

 We define an equilibrium or steady state

solution to be a temperature
distribution that does not depend on2
u ( x, t )  u ( x )
time u ( x) d u
0 2
0
t dx
Boundary Value Problems
d 2u
2
0 u ( x)  C1 x  C2
dx
u (0)  T1 implies T1  C2
u (0)  T1 u ( L)  T2 implies T2  C1 L  C2
u ( L)  T2 T2  T1
u ( x)  T1  x
L
u (x)
T2
T1

x0 xL
 Insulated Boundaries
u  2u d 2u
k 2 0
t x dx 2
Equilibrium
u ( x,0)  f ( x) Temp. du
u Distribution ( 0)  0
(0, t )  0 dx
x du
u ( L)  0
( L, t )  0 dx
x

u (x)
u ( x)  C2 ????

x0 xL
 Insulated Boundaries
 It doesn’t make sense that the solution should
approach an arbitrary constant !!!
 Recall conservation of thermal energy
d L u u
dt 0
cu dx   K 0
x
( 0, t )  K 0
x
( L, t )
d L
Both end are dt 0
cudx  constant
insulated
L
Initial Thermal c  f ( x)dx
0
Energy Equating
L
Eq. Thermal Energy c 0
C2 dx  cC2 L

1 L
Steady State u ( x)  C2   f ( x)dx
Solution L 0
 Exercise
 Determine the equilibrium temperature
distribution for a one-dimensional rod with
constant thermal properties with the
following sources and boundary conditions
a. Q  0 u (0)  0 u ( L)  T

b. Q  0 u
u (0)  0 ( L)  
x
c. Q  x 2 K 0 u
u (0)  T ( L)  0
x